肝内胆管细胞癌淋巴结转移的预测和治疗
DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.08.040
Prediction and treatment of lymph node metastasis of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
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摘要: 肝内胆管细胞癌(ICC)是第二大原发性肝癌,极易发生淋巴结转移。淋巴结转移的发生不仅影响患者的预后,还决定患者治疗方案的选择。归纳并总结近年国内外ICC的相关文献,阐述了预测ICC淋巴结转移的血清学指标及影像学指标;可接受根治性手术切除患者的在选择淋巴结切除术及术后辅助治疗方面存在的争议;不可手术的晚期ICC患者接受新辅助治疗的研究进展。以期为ICC患者的治疗及淋巴结转移的预测作好理论支持。Abstract: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second largest primary liver cancer, and lymph node metastasis of ICC is commonly observed. Lymph node metastasis not only affects the prognosis of patients, but also determines the choice of treatment regimen. This article summarizes related articles on ICC in China and globally and elaborates on the serological markers and imaging indicators for predicting lymph node metastasis of ICC, the controversy over the selection of lymph node resection and postoperative adjuvant treatment for patients eligible for radical resection, and the research advances in neoadjuvant therapy for patients with advanced ICC who cannot undergo surgery, so as to provide theoretical support for the treatment of ICC patients and the prediction of lymph node metastasis.
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Key words:
- Cholangiocarcinoma /
- Lymph Node Metastasis /
- Therapeutics
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肝内胆管细胞癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, ICC)是第二大原发性肝癌,其发病率在近40年逐渐上升[1]。ICC呈高度恶性,患者预后极差[2],由于其独特的解剖结构,极易发生淋巴结转移(lymph node metastasis, LNM)[3]。有多篇文献[4-13]报道,ICC患者发生LNM后总生存期(overall survival, OS)明显下降,临床症状如腹痛、腹胀、黄疸的发生率也会升高[14]。有研究[15]显示,即使患者接受根治性肝切除术(R0),LNM仍会影响患者预后。根治性手术切除是唯一可能治愈ICC的手段[16],并且有无LNM可决定是否继续进行淋巴结清扫(lymph node dissection, LND)以及术后辅助治疗方法的选择,因此预测LNM的发生具有重要意义。对于不能行手术治疗的晚期ICC患者,新辅助治疗可使肿瘤降期、缩瘤等,为此类患者提供了二次切除的机会。本文就预测LNM的模型、LND及术后辅助的争议和新辅助治疗的发展作一综述。
1. LNM的预测
1.1 利用临床血清学指标预测
韩超等[17]构建血清肿瘤标志物CA199、CA125、CA242预测LNM的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线),并计算曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.648、0.736、0.731;截断值分别为150.6、35.7、43.4 U/ml。该研究结果表明肿瘤标志物CA199、CA125、CA242对预测LNM具有重要的临床价值,将各截断值与临床正常参考范围上限进行比较,发现CA199超出正常值上限近4倍(0~37 U/ml),CA125接近正常范围(0~40 U/ml),CA242超出2倍(0~20 U/ml),因此在临床工作中可以通过检测上述指标来对LNM进行预测。Navarro等[11]通过同样的方法证实了CA199对于LNM的预测价值,但在该研究中CA199的截断值为120 U/ml,超出正常值上限3倍。
Yamada等[18]对CA199在主动脉旁淋巴结及其他区域旁淋巴结的预测能力进行了区分。通过构建ROC曲线,确定主动脉旁LNM和其他区域旁LNM的AUC分别为0.66和0.79,截断值分别是224 U/ml(超出正常值上限6倍)和117 U/ml(超出正常值上限3倍)。因此,当患者CA199水平超出正常值上限6倍时应警惕主动脉旁LNM的发生,手术中可进行术中病理冰冻检查,以便指导下一步手术操作。
2020年,Chen等[19]首次将CA199与D-二聚体联合评分标准(CDPC)用以预测LNM。该研究发现D-二聚体、CA199、CDPC的AUC分别为0.620、0.69、0.722,结果提示CDPC对于LNM的预测有较好的应用价值,且比单独的CA199或D-二聚体预测价值更高。但在CDPC-ROC曲线中,CA199的截断值为997.80 U/ml,远远超出正常值上限,与上述文献[11, 17]计算的数值也有所出入,造成该结果的原因并未说明,还需在临床中进一步观察及验证。CA199在临床中多用来预测胰腺癌的发生,作者认为,CA199升高即表明ICC患者可能已经发生胰腺转移等情况,但大部分文献支持当CA199水平超出正常值上限3倍时就应该警惕LNM的发生。
此外,Harada等[15]及魏妙艳等[20]通过研究发现,血清癌胚抗原(CEA)水平不同时,ICC患者的淋巴结转移率存在差异,高CEA水平患者的淋巴结转移率较高;研究[20]还发现TBil水平与LNM亦密切相关。提示CEA及TBil水平可用于LNM的预测,但具体的量化指标仍需进一步验证。
1.2 利用临床影像学数据预测
1.2.1 利用CT预测
CT在诊断LNM方面应用较多,其敏感度和特异度分别为55.8%和95.2%[6]。2016年,日本学者Yamamoto等[21]通过构建CT比率[动脉期(AP)肿瘤CT值/正常肝实质CT值]预测LNM的ROC曲线,分析最佳CT比率截断值为0.88。此外,该研究首次建立了肿块型ICC的评分标准(LMIC评分),计算AUC为0.784,证实LMIC评分在临床中具有极高的预测价值。2019年,Zhu等[14]首次分析了增强CT平衡期(EP)对LNM的预测价值,研究发现形态分类、EP CT值-最大值和EP增强比是LNM的3个独立风险因素,并构建列线图,计算AUC为0.814,结果显示该列线图预测LNM的价值极高。增强CT对LNM的预测价值毋庸置疑,上述两篇文献分别从增强CT的AP和EP出发,构建相关模型且证实了模型的临床应用价值,但是由于其验证队列较少,未来还需大量的临床数据继续验证并改进,以便更好的指导临床治疗。
1.2.2 利用MRI预测
Zhou等[22]回顾性分析了91例肿块型ICC病例,发现表观弥散系数和淋巴结直径≥10 mm为LNM的独立预测因素。二者联合构建ROC曲线计算的AUC为0.857,敏感度和特异度分别为90.0%和76.6%,充分表明该联合模型具有较高的应用价值。利用MRI特征预测LNM的相关研究较少,但仍不可忽略其重要性。
1.2.3 利用影像对未知淋巴结状态预测
Tsilimigras等[23]通过研究发现,增强成像模型可以为无法评估淋巴结状态(Nx)的患者进行预后分析。结果显示该模型的约登指数为0.885 7,依据该模型进行分层的患者与临床病理以淋巴结状态分层的患者5年OS相似,表明该模型对预测Nx患者预后具有极大的应用价值。此外,通过影像诊断并分析,还发现肿瘤位于肝门周围、多发性肿瘤、淋巴结肿大、肿瘤直径>5 cm是LNM的独立预测因素[5, 11, 15, 20]。但也有研究[21]显示肿瘤大小与LNM之间并无显著相关性。尽管影像学指标的获取过于依赖影像科医生的主观判断及影像设备,但是CT与MRI的诊断价值不可否认,在临床工作中,需多学科联合,尽可能全面准确的诊断病情。
1.3 血清学指标与影像学数据联合预测
Meng等[24]在2018年首次开发并验证了联合CA199、淋巴结大小、肿瘤原位点、肿瘤生长模式、组织学分级的列线图用以预测LNM。计算主要队列与验证队列的C指数值分别为0.770和0.824,表明该列线图具有良好的预测价值。2019年,Ji等[4]开发并验证了CT的8个放射特征联合CA199的放射组学列线图用以预测LNM。研究发现在主要队列(n=103)与验证队列(n=52)中,该列线图在分辨淋巴结是否转移方面均表现出较高的准确性,两组队列的AUC分别为0.846 2和0.892 1。特别是在CT诊断的淋巴结阴性组中,该列线图对于淋巴结状态的诊断价值显著超过CA199。同年,Xu等[25]开发并验证了联合支持向量机(SVM)模型、CA199和MRI报告的列线图用来计算LNM的概率。SVM模型由增强MRI中5个与淋巴结状态最相关的特征组成,构建SVM模型预测LNM的ROC曲线并计算AUC,在初始队列(n=106)和验证队列(n=42)中,AUC分别为0.788和0.787。联合开发的列线图的初始队列和验证队列的AUC分别为0.842和0.870,表明该列线图在LNM方面有极大的应用价值,并且较SVM模型应用价值高。Yoh等[6]通过研究发现血清CA199≥37 U/ml、ICC伴肝门侵犯、淋巴结肿大(≥10 mm)是LNM的独立预测指标,该研究联合此3项指标并构建了预测LNM的低风险模型,计算AUC为0.874。该模型可以指导低风险LNM患者的治疗。这3个模型的成功开发以及极高的临床应用价值为预测LNM的相关研究提供了新的思路,期待未来有更多的高准确性模型出现。
1.4 利用细胞分子预测
何坤等[26]发现细胞外基质蛋白在正常淋巴管、ICC、合并LNM的ICC组织中表达各不相同,LNM组升高最多。Yamaoka等[27]研究显示CD90在LNM的细胞中表达显著升高(P<0.01),该研究还发现与肿瘤转移相关的上皮-间充质转化相关基因CXCR4和MMP7在CD90阳性细胞中显著升高,CD90阳性细胞还可通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号从而增加LNM的发生率。朱彤等[28]研究亦表明CD90的表达与LNM密切相关。从细胞分子或基因等角度出发的预测研究较少,但这可以成为一个新的研究方向,期待未来有新的进展。
2. 根治性切除患者存在的治疗争议
2.1 LND治疗
对于手术中是否应选择LND,部分学者持支持意见。Yoh等[29]通过一项倾向评分匹配研究发现,LND组的OS及中位无病生存期(disease free survival, DFS)相较于未行LND组显著延长(P值均<0.05),且该研究还发现两组术后并发症的发生率相似,甚至LND组在疾病复发后获得更好的生存率。Kim等[30]的研究亦支持该结论。对于淋巴结阳性的患者,有研究[31]表明接受LND可显著改善患者预后。朱明辉等[32]认为LND可以改善患者的OS,并且常规清扫即可达到较好的治疗效果。但是也有部分研究不支持行LND。一项荟萃分析[33]结果表明无论淋巴结状态如何,均不推荐LND。该研究结果显示,LND组与无LND组术后OS、DFS或复发率差异均无统计学意义,但LND组术后并发症的发生率显著高于无LND组(P<0.05),严重影响患者的预后。另一项倾向评分匹配研究[10]同样认为LND并不能改善患者的OS,且会增加术后并发症的发生率及延长住院时间。对于淋巴结阴性的患者,有研究[31, 34-35]发现LND并不能改善患者的OS。而Kizy等[36]对LNM患者是否进行手术存在争议,该研究发现手术联合化疗与仅接受化疗的患者中位生存时间无明显差异。
Brauer等[9]研究显示ICC患者LND最佳阈值为≥3个淋巴结,但同时也发现LND数量与OS之间并无关联,即无论是≥3个淋巴结(P=0.186)还是美国癌症联合委员会[37]建议的≥6个淋巴结(P=0.318),OS均无明显差异。然而Zhang等[10]发现随着转移淋巴结的数量增多,患者的OS及无复发生存率越来越差。Kim等[38]通过研究认为手术时应切除≥5个淋巴结以便于更好的分期。
综上所述,治疗的争议主要在于是否应选择LND。作者认为,在临床手术时应综合考虑患者的身体素质、麻醉情况、手术时间、手术出血量、术中所见解剖关系等因素来决定是否进行LND,并且在手术中根治性切除,即达到R0切除较LND更为重要。
2.2 辅助化疗
Jutric等[39]回顾性分析了160例ICC合并LNM病例,结果发现未接受辅助化疗与接受辅助化疗的淋巴结阳性患者OS分别为9个月和20个月,表明对于淋巴结阳性的患者,未接受辅助化疗者OS显著缩短。Asaoka等[12]发现辅助化疗可显著改善LNM患者的OS,但并不能改善淋巴结阴性或未检查淋巴结的患者OS。Hammad等[7]也发现辅助治疗并不能改善淋巴结阴性患者的OS,亦不能改善R1/R2患者的OS。Harada等[15]发现R0切除后淋巴结阳性会影响患者术后OS,并建议行辅助治疗。但Hu等[34]研究结果显示,在LNM或无LNM的患者中,辅助治疗均不能改善患者的OS。
归纳分析发现大多数研究建议淋巴结阳性的患者术后应接受辅助治疗,但更重要的还是接受R0切除。
3. 晚期ICC患者的新辅助治疗
中晚期ICC患者常因肿瘤体积大、伴有血管侵犯或远处转移等情况丧失了根治性切除的机会,新辅助治疗可使部分患者肿瘤成功降期从而接受二次切除,为患者提供了新的生存希望。
1984年,新辅助化疗首次应用于头颈部鳞状癌的治疗并获得成功[40],随后获得了越来越多的关注及发展。吉西他滨联合顺铂方案是最早且最传统的ICC化疗方案[41],目前新辅助化疗仍多采用该方案。一项回顾性研究[42]纳入了74例晚期ICC患者接受新辅助化疗,经mRECIST标准评估,有39例(53%)接受了二次切除,术后生存期与首次行手术患者无差异。虽然研究样本量较少,但>50%的二次切除率初步证实了新辅助化疗的可行性。Otani等[43]研究显示,患者经新辅助化疗后获得了二次切除的机会,并在随访期11个月内生存。化疗联合局部治疗作为晚期ICC患者新辅助治疗的手段之一,目前已在临床进行小规模的应用;而化疗联合放疗、肝动脉灌注、选择性内放射治疗等方法的疗效还需进一步临床试验来证实[44-46]。
随着精准治疗时代的到来,基因靶向治疗肿瘤越来越受到重视。靶向治疗通过抑制肿瘤细胞膜表面分子从而抑制细胞内信号传导通路来控制肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、黏附等。目前已有多种药物用于ICC的治疗,如BGJ398(成纤维细胞生长因子受体激酶抑制剂)[47]、索拉非尼(多种酪氨酸蛋白激酶抑制剂)[48]、阿帕替尼(血管内皮生长因子受体2拮抗剂)[49]、阿伐替尼(表皮细胞生长因子抑制剂)[50]、AG-120(异柠檬酸脱氢酶1抑制剂)[51]等。但靶向治疗的耐药性、成本控制等问题给癌症的治疗带来了一定局限性。
此外,免疫治疗同样为晚期ICC患者提供了新的生存希望。程序性细胞死亡受体1抑制剂,如帕博利珠单抗和纳武单抗在治疗晚期ICC中的疗效已被初步证实[52-54]。HHLA2、巨噬细胞调节分子CD47、SATB1等分子检查点也被发现可以作为免疫治疗的靶标[55-57],但其抑制剂的疗效仍需进一步研究。
虽然新辅助治疗应用于晚期ICC治疗的相关研究尚有不足,但现有研究已取得的成果令人欣喜,未来还需开展更多前瞻性研究来证实新辅助治疗对晚期ICC患者的作用。
4. 小结与展望
近年来ICC的发病率不断上升,LNM的发生影响患者治疗方案的选择。血清肿瘤标志物CA199、CEA等,影像学检查CT、MRI等对预测LNM的发生率均有极高的应用价值,二者联合的新的预测模型在临床中已经得到初步验证,但仍需大量的前瞻性试验继续研究。根治性手术切除仍是ICC患者治愈的唯一可能,但对于LND及术后辅助治疗的选择存在争议,大多数研究支持对于术前预测淋巴结阴性的患者无需进行LND,对于淋巴结阳性的患者应进行LND并加以辅助化疗。新辅助化疗、分子靶向治疗、免疫治疗等新辅助治疗手段的出现为晚期ICC患者提供了生存希望,但现有研究进展不足,仍有很大的发展空间,值得不断深入探索。希望开展更具价值的前瞻性研究,构建更有效的LNM预测模型。ICC患者的治疗应以多学科治疗为前提,手术为基础,不断完善LND、术后辅助技术及新辅助治疗等治疗手段,为患者提供更多的治愈机会。
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