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转移性肝癌的治疗现状与展望

王祥宇 陈进宏

张博华, 徐艳, 张松, 等. CXC型趋化因子配体10与12在胆囊癌组织中的表达水平及在肿瘤侵袭中的作用机制[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(11): 2260-2265. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241120.
引用本文: 张博华, 徐艳, 张松, 等. CXC型趋化因子配体10与12在胆囊癌组织中的表达水平及在肿瘤侵袭中的作用机制[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40(11): 2260-2265. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241120.
ZHANG Bohua, XU Yan, ZHANG Song, et al. Expression of CXCL10 and CXCL12 in gallbladder carcinoma and their mechanism of action in tumor invasion[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(11): 2260-2265. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241120.
Citation: ZHANG Bohua, XU Yan, ZHANG Song, et al. Expression of CXCL10 and CXCL12 in gallbladder carcinoma and their mechanism of action in tumor invasion[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(11): 2260-2265. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241120.

转移性肝癌的治疗现状与展望

DOI: 10.12449/JCH240701
基金项目: 

上海市“科技创新行动计划”优秀学术带头人计划项目 (22XD1400300)

利益冲突声明:本文不存在任何利益冲突。
作者贡献声明:王祥宇负责收集数据,资料分析,撰写论文;陈进宏负责课题设计,拟定写作思路,指导撰写文章,修改论文并最后定稿。
详细信息
    通信作者:

    陈进宏, jinhongch@hotmail.com (ORCID: 0000-0003-0952-9990)

Treatment of metastatic liver cancer: Current status and future perspectives

Research funding: 

Excellent Academic Leader Project of Shanghai “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” (22XD1400300)

More Information
  • 摘要: 肝脏是恶性肿瘤最常见的转移部位之一,肝转移也是转移性肿瘤的主要致死原因。转移性肝癌具有高度异质性,长期以来临床治疗进展缓慢。近年来,随着外科技术的提高、系统治疗的进步及多学科团队诊疗模式的开展,转移性肝癌的临床治疗发生了革命性的变化。本文从外科治疗、系统治疗及局部区域治疗三个方面回顾了近年来转移性肝癌临床治疗进展。以化疗、靶向与免疫治疗为基础的联合疗法仍是转移性肝癌综合治疗的基础,而外科治疗的价值也在部分寡转移患者中得到证实。另外,局部区域治疗的发展为转移性肝癌患者带来新的治疗选择。基于高级别循证医学证据及相关指南的规范化诊疗,及多学科团队指导下的个体化精准治疗,将是未来转移性肝癌临床治疗的发展方向。

     

  • 胆囊癌是发生于胆囊系统的一种恶性肿瘤,相关调查研究1显示,其发病率为胆道疾病的0.4%~3.8%。由于胆囊癌患者早期缺乏特异性临床症状,且中晚期患者对各种治疗方案的敏感度较低,临床预后差,术后生存率较低2。因此,寻找胆囊癌发生发展的分子机制,发现潜在的新的治疗靶点成为胆囊癌规范化诊断以及临床治疗的重点3。趋化因子是一类小分子分泌蛋白,具有趋化细胞定向移动的作用,在多种恶性肿瘤中已被证实趋化因子具有调控肿瘤增殖、侵袭以及血管形成等多种作用,在恶性肿瘤发生发展过程中发挥着重要调控作用4-5。为了进一步了解CXC型趋化因子配体10(CXCL10)及CXCL12对胆囊癌的调控作用,本研究探讨分析CXCL10及CXCL12在胆囊癌组织中的表达水平及肿瘤侵袭的相关机制,现报道如下。

    选择2020年4月—2023年4月在本院手术切除的56例胆囊癌患者肿瘤组织及其癌旁组织标本。患者均经临床病理确诊,符合《胆囊癌诊断和治疗指南(2015版)》6中胆囊癌相关诊断标准。纳入标准:(1)患者术前均未行放疗或化疗;(2)年龄40~80岁;(3)临床资料完整。排除标准:(1)合并其他原发性恶性肿瘤患者;(2)合并手术禁忌证患者;(3)合并严重心、肝、肾、肺等机体重要器官功能障碍患者;(4)合并感染性疾病患者。

    人胆囊癌细胞株GBC-SD购于中国科学院上海生科院细胞资源中心;TRIzol试剂购于英国Invitrogen公司;引物购于上海生工生物工程股份有限公司;反转录试剂盒购于日本TaKaRa公司;胎牛血清购于英国Invitrogen公司;LipofectamineTM 3000购于美国Invitrogen公司;CCK-8试剂盒购于日本Dojindo公司。

    采用TRIzol试剂盒提取胆囊癌组织、癌旁组织以及各组胆囊癌细胞中总RNA,测定其浓度及纯度,然后使用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA。引物序列:CXCL10上游引物,5′-GTGGCATTCAAGGAGTA CCTC-3′;下游引物,5′-TGATGGCCTTCGATTCTGGATT-3′。CXCL12上游引物,5′-ATTCTCAACACTCCAAACTGTGC-3′,下游引物5′-ACTTAGCTTCGGGTCAATGC-3′。GAPDH上游引物,5′-GCAGCCAAAAGGGTCATCACTC,下游引物5′-GAGGGGCCATCCACAGTCT TCT-3′。反应体系:2.0 μL cDNA、10.0 μL SYBR Premix ExTaq Ⅱ、上下游引物各4 μL,反应条件:95 ℃预变性30 s,95 ℃ 10 s、60 ℃ 30 s,共完成40个循环,75 ℃延伸5 min。以GAPDH作为内参基因,采用2-△△Ct法计算目的基因相对表达量。

    采用10%胎牛血清的DMEM培养基培养GBC-SD细胞,培养条件为37 ℃、5% CO2。待细胞融合度达到80%~90%时使用胰酶消化,进行传代或用于后续实验。

    参照LipofectamineTM 3000说明书,将CXCL10干扰RNA(si-CXCL10)、CXCL12干扰RNA(si-CXCL12)以及干扰阴性对照(si-RNA)分别转染至GBC-SD细胞中,将未转染细胞作为对照。将各组细胞置于37 ℃、5% CO2孵箱内继续培养。

    将上述各组处理后的细胞接种于96孔板内,接种密度为2×103个/孔,每组设置5个复孔。培养48 h后,每孔内加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,然后继续培养2 h后,酶标仪下测定各组细胞450 nm处吸光度值。

    将上述各组处理后的细胞消化后,采用无血清培养基将细胞密度调整至1×105/mL,将细胞接种于含基质胶的Transwell上室,每孔100 μL,然后在下室加入500 μL含10%小牛血清的DMEM培养基,继续在孵箱内培养。培养24 h后取出Transwell小室,使用棉签将上室未穿膜的细胞擦去,然后使用4%多聚甲醛固定,并进行结晶紫染色,在显微镜下观察侵袭细胞的数量,随机选取10个视野进行迁移细胞计数。每组重复5次。

    将上述各组处理后的细胞消化后收集细胞,使用含有蛋白酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液提取细胞总蛋白,采用BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。每孔取40 μg蛋白进行SDS-PAGE电泳,电压120 V,电泳完成后,120 V转移150 min至PVDF膜,然后使用5%脱脂奶粉封闭,加入一抗孵育过夜。将孵育后的PVDF膜使用TBST清洗后,加入二抗37 ℃孵育1.5 h。滴加化学发光剂发光液显影,在Image J软件下分析各蛋白灰度值,使用β-actin作为内参蛋白,利用凝胶图像处理系统分析目标蛋白相对表达量。

    采用SPSS 25.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用x¯±s表示,两组间比较采用配对t检验或成组t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,进一步两两比较采用LSD-t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    56例胆囊癌患者中男27例,女29例,年龄43~79岁,平均年龄(58.49±10.54)岁。根据TNM分期标准:Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者21例、Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者35例。

    在胆囊癌患者中,癌组织CXCL10、CXCL12 mRNA相对表达量均显著高于癌旁组织(P值均<0.05),且癌组织中CXCL10、CXCL12蛋白表达阳性率高于癌旁组织(P值均<0.05)(表1图1)。

    表  1  癌组织及癌旁组织CXCL10 mRNA、CXCL12 mRNA表达比较
    Table  1.  Comparison of CXCL10 mRNA and CXCL12 mRNA expression in cancer tissue and adjacent tissue
    组别 例数 CXCL10 mRNA CXCL12 mRNA
    癌组织 56 1.857±0.315 2.038±0.374
    癌旁组织 56 1.024±0.203 1.064±0.221
    t 18.359 20.506
    P <0.001 <0.001
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    注: a,癌组织CXCL10表达阳性;b,癌旁组织CXCL10表达阴性;c,癌组织CXCL12表达阳性;d,癌旁组织CXCL12表达阴性。
    图  1  癌组织及癌旁组织CXCL10、CXCL12蛋白表达(HE染色,×400)
    Figure  1.  Expression of CXCL10 and CXCL12 proteins in cancer tissue and adjacent tissue (HE staining, ×400)

    不同TNM分期、有无淋巴结转移、有无远处转移及不同肿瘤直径患者的CXCL10、CXCL12 mRNA比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)(表2)。

    表  2  癌组织CXCL10 mRNA、CXCL12 mRNA表达与患者临床病理参数的关系
    Table  2.  The relationship between the expression of CXCL10 mRNA and CXCL12 mRNA in cancer tissues and clinical pathological parameters of patients
    临床病理特征 例数 CXCL10 mRNA CXCL12 mRNA
    性别
    27 1.796±0.293 1.985±0.337
    29 1.914±0.356 2.083±0.405
    t 1.359 0.980
    P 0.183 0.331
    年龄
    ≥60岁 25 1.894±0.229 1.993±0.311
    <60岁 31 1.827±0.336 2.074±0.401
    t 0.850 0.828
    P 0.399 0.411
    TNM分期
    Ⅰ~Ⅱ期 21 1.447±0.285 1.570±0.324
    Ⅲ~Ⅳ期 35 2.103±0.407 2.319±0.452
    t 6.483 6.630
    P <0.001 <0.001
    病理类型
    腺癌 49 1.844±0.394 2.015±0.416
    其他 7 1.948±0.410 2.199±0.375
    t 0.650 1.106
    P 0.518 0.274
    淋巴结转移
    30 2.153±0.473 2.349±0.332
    26 1.515±0.338 1.679±0.415
    t 5.724 6.709
    P <0.001 <0.001
    远处转移
    19 2.203±0.374 2.412±0.423
    37 1.679±0.310 1.846±0.325
    t 5.580 5.561
    P <0.001 <0.001
    肿瘤直径
    >5 cm 21 2.115±0.263 2.414±0.462
    ≤5 cm 35 1.702±0.364 1.812±0.394
    t 4.531 5.187
    P <0.001 <0.001
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    CXCL10:si-CXCL10组细胞CXCL10 mRNA相对表达量、CXCL10蛋白表达均显著低于对照组及si-RNA组(P值均<0.05);CXCL12:si-CXCL12组细胞CXCL12 mRNA相对表达量、CXCL12 蛋白表达均显著低于对照组及si-RNA组(P值均<0.05)(表3)。

    表  3  各组细胞CXCL10、CXCL12 mRNA及蛋白的比较
    Table  3.  Comparison of CXCL10 and CXCL12 mRNA and protein expression among different groups
    分组 mRNA 蛋白
    CXCL10
    对照组 1.029±0.204 0.937±0.152
    si-RNA组 1.048±0.1561) 1.035±0.2241)
    si-CXCL10组 0.492±0.1151)2) 0.533±0.1281)2)
    F 18.878 4.453
    P <0.001 0.036
    CXCL12
    对照组 0.937±0.152 1.685±0.217
    si-RNA组 1.035±0.2241) 1.603±0.3011)
    si-CXCL12组 0.533±0.1281)2) 0.997±0.2051)2)
    F 11.845 9.186
    P <0.001 <0.001

    注:与对照组比较,1)P<0.05;与si-RNA组比较,2)P<0.05。

    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    CXCL10:si-CXCL10组细胞CCK-8吸光值与细胞迁移数量均显著低于对照组和si-RNA组(P值均<0.05);CXCL12:si-CXCL12组细胞CCK-8吸光值与细胞迁移数量均显著低于对照组和si-RNA组(P值均<0.05)(表4图2)。

    表  4  各组细胞吸光值和迁移数量的比较
    Table  4.  Comparison of light absorption value and migration number of cells in each group
    分组 吸光值 细胞迁移数量
    CXCL10
    对照组 1.44±0.32 159.43±24.09
    si-RNA组 1.39±0.401) 150.35±31.541)
    si-CXCL10组 0.74±0.151)2) 108.30±25.601)2)
    F 8.029 5.005
    P 0.006 0.026
    CXCL12
    对照组 1.51±0.23 162.39±39.42
    si-RNA组 1.59±0.331) 158.23±41.391)
    si-CXCL12组 0.86±0.201)2) 101.31±29.841)2)
    F 11.915 4.202
    P 0.001 0.041

    注:与对照组比较,1)P<0.05;与si-RNA组比较,2)P<0.05。

    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    注: a、b、c分别为CXCL10的对照组、si-RNA组和si-CXCL10组;d、e、f分别为CXCL12的对照组、si-RNA组和si-CXCL12组。
    图  2  低表达CXCL10、CXCL12对细胞迁移的影响(结晶紫染色,×200)
    Figure  2.  Low expression of CXL10 RNA and CXL12 RNA affects cell migration(crystal violet staining, ×200)

    CXCL10:si-CXCL10组细胞p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表达均显著低于si-RNA组及对照组(P<0.05); CXCL12:si-CXCL12组细胞p-PI3K、p-Akt蛋白表达均显著低于si-RNA组及对照组(P<0.05)(表5图3

    表  5  各组细胞PI3K/Akt通路蛋白的比较
    Table  5.  Comparison of PI3K/Akt pathway proteins in each group
    分组 p-PI3K p-Akt
    CXCL10
    对照组 0.984±0.132 1.294±0.120
    si-RNA组 1.023±0.1741) 1.317±0.2191)
    si-CXCL10组 0.485±0.0971)2) 0.720±0.1371)2)
    F 23.638 21.152
    P 0.006 <0.001
    CXCL12
    对照组 1.127±0.133 1.423±0.210
    si-RNA组 1.094±0.1651) 1.389±0.1971)
    si-CXCL12组 0.603±0.1021)2) 0.792±0.1741)2)
    F 23.353 16.692
    P <0.001 <0.001

    注:与对照组比较,1)P<0.05;与si-RNA组比较,2)P<0.05

    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  3  各组细胞PI3K/Akt通路表达情况
    Figure  3.  Expression of PI3K/Akt pathway in each group

    胆囊癌患者早期无明显的特异性症状,或患者临床症状与慢性胆囊炎相似,因此临床有着较高的漏诊率和误诊率7-8,且胆囊癌患者淋巴结转移的发生率较高,对周围正常组织造成侵袭,临床预后极差,严重影响患者生命健康9-10。目前研究11-12显示,肿瘤的侵袭转移不仅取决于肿瘤细胞的生物学特性,同时也依赖于宿主细胞以及细胞外基质之间复杂的相互影响作用。研究13表明,在肿瘤的侵袭转移过程中,趋化因子生物轴发挥着重要作用。CXCL10也被称为γ干扰素诱导蛋白10,属于CXC趋化因子家族,具有多种生物学功能,如促进T淋巴细胞黏附到内皮细胞,抑制骨髓集落形成并抑制血管生成,同时与炎症性疾病、自身免疫性疾病以及肿瘤等多种疾病有关14。国外学者研究15发现,CXCL12及其受体CXC型趋化因子受体4(CXCR4)所构成的生物轴在乳腺癌细胞转移中发挥着重要的调控作用,在乳腺癌的原发病灶以及转移灶组织中,CXCR4表达明显升高,而在乳腺癌常见转移灶靶器官,如肝脏、肺、淋巴结、骨髓等组织中配体CXCL12表达较高,肿瘤细胞可沿着趋化因子浓度增加的靶器官进行迁移,从而引发肿瘤细胞的转移。近年来,越来越多的研究16-18发现,趋化因子生物轴在肿瘤细胞及其周围的间质细胞交互作用中同样发挥着重要作用。肿瘤相关成纤维细胞与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞均可释放出多种趋化因子,并特异性结合肿瘤细胞膜上对应的受体,导致细胞内信号通路的激活,从而导致肿瘤细胞的侵袭转移能力增强19。此外,趋化因子可通过与细胞表面的相应受体结合来发挥作用,而这种受体通常位于免疫细胞如淋巴细胞、白细胞、单核细胞以及巨噬细胞的细胞膜上,当趋化因子释放后,周围的免疫细胞可被吸引至该区域,从而达到招募免疫细胞的目的20。这对于肿瘤发展初期的免疫杀伤作用具有一定的积极意义。

    本研究结果显示,在胆囊癌患者中,癌组织CXCL10、CXCL12 mRNA相对表达量均显著高于癌旁组织;且胆囊癌患者癌组织CXCL10、CXCL12 mRNA相对表达量与患者TNM分期、淋巴结转移、远处转移以及肿瘤直径有关。与相关研究21报道结果相似,提示在胆囊癌的发生发展过程中,CXCL10及CXCL12均发挥着重要的调控作用。

    此外,本研究结果显示,转染CXCL10干扰RNA以及CXCL12干扰RNA后,胆囊癌细胞CXCL10、CXCL12 RNA表达被明显抑制。同时,抑制胆囊癌细胞CXCL10、CXCL12 RNA表达,显著抑制了细胞增殖、侵袭,进一步验证了趋化因子对肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭的调控作用。PI3K/Akt信号通路是G蛋白耦联受体重要的下游通路,多项研究22-23显示,PI3K/Akt通路是胆囊癌发生发展的关键信号通路,对胆囊癌细胞增殖、侵袭以及转移均具有重要调控作用。本研究结果显示,抑制CXCL10、CXCL12 RNA表达后,PI3K/Akt通路中关键蛋白PI3K、Akt磷酸化被抑制,提示抑制CXCL10和CXCL12对胆囊癌细胞增殖、侵袭的抑制作用可能与抑制PI3K/Akt通路磷酸化过程有关。

    综上所述,胆囊癌组织中CXCL10及CXCL12表达升高,且与胆囊癌发生发展密切相关;抑制CXCL10、CXCL12表达后,胆囊癌细胞增殖、侵袭受到明显抑制,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt通路磷酸化有关,CXCL10、CXCL12有望成为胆囊癌治疗的潜在生物学靶点。

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