NLRP3炎症小体在自身免疫性肝炎中的作用机制
DOI: 10.12449/JCH241027
Research advances in the mechanism of action of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in autoimmune hepatitis
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摘要: 自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是由自身免疫系统攻击肝细胞所致的慢性肝炎,目前关于AIH的发病机制尚不十分明确。炎症小体是先天免疫的重要组成部分,参与多种病理生理学过程。研究表明核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体相关的炎性反应在AIH的发病机制中起重要作用,其主要介导促炎因子的释放和细胞焦亡,进而参与AIH的病理生理过程。因此,可以通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活来延缓AIH发生发展,从而为AIH的防治提供新思路。
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关键词:
- 肝炎, 自身免疫性 /
- NLR家族,热蛋白结构域包含蛋白3 /
- 治疗学
Abstract: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is chronic hepatitis caused by the attack of live cells by the immune system, and at present, the pathogenesis of AIH remains unclear. Inflammasomes are important components of innate immunity and are involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes. Studies have shown that inflammatory response associated with nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AIH, which mainly mediates the release of proinflammatory factors and pyroptosis, thereby participating in the pathophysiological process of AIH. Therefore, the development and progression of AIH can be delayed by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes, which provides new ideas for the prevention and treatment of AIH. -
自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)是一种慢性肝脏炎症性疾病,以肝细胞损伤为主要特点,可发展为肝硬化和肝衰竭[1]。AIH在女性中更常见,其发病率和患病率呈上升趋势[2]。大部分AIH患者隐匿起病,无明显症状或仅出现乏力、体质量减轻、恶心、瘙痒等非特异性症状。典型的生化特征是血清胆红素、转氨酶、γ-球蛋白和免疫球蛋白G水平升高,以及血清抗核抗体和平滑肌抗体阳性[3-5]。目前AIH的一线治疗是糖皮质激素加硫唑嘌呤方案[6],其目的是改善患者症状及控制炎症,达到生化缓解,此外,霉酚酸酯、他克莫司和环孢素可作为AIH的二线治疗药物,但停药后患者易复发[3]。因此,深入研究其发病机制意义重大。
核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3,NLRP3)炎症小体是固有免疫反应的重要组成,参与调控多种自身免疫性疾病[7]。NLRP3炎症小体被认为可能参与AIH的发病过程,因此,本文现将国内外关于NLRP3炎症小体与AIH的研究进展作一综述。
1. NLRP3炎症小体概述
1.1 NLRP3炎症小体的结构
NOD样受体(NOD-like receptors,NLR)是一种典型的模式识别受体,其在病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)和损伤相关分子模式(damage-associated molecular patterns,DAMP)的识别中发挥着重要作用[8]。作为NLR家族最具特征性的炎症小体,NLRP3炎症小体的研究最为广泛。NLRP3炎性小体是由核心蛋白NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated spot-like proteins,ASC)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶1(cysteine aspartase-1,caspase-1)组成的大型蛋白复合物[9]。NLRP由氨基端热蛋白结构域(pyrin domain,PYD)、中心部分的核苷酸寡聚化结构域(nucleoside triphosphatase domain,NACHT)和羧基末端的富含亮氨酸重复结构域组成。ASC的氨基端包括PYD,羧基端包括半胱天冬酶募集结构域(caspase activation and recruitment domain,CARD),它们相互作用激活caspase-1[10-11]。
所有的亚结构在NLRP3炎症小体组装中执行特定的功能。在上游信号的激活下,NLRP3的NACHT结构域相互作用,诱导NLRP3寡聚化,然后,同型PYD-PYD相互作用促进ASC招募和成核螺旋ASC丝的形成。ASC通过同型CARD-CARD相互作用招募和激活caspase-1,最后,成簇的caspase-1裂解到由CARD和P20组成的P33复合体上,形成一种具有蛋白水解活化作用的结构[12]。
1.2 NLRP3炎症小体的激活过程
NLRP3炎症小体的激活是宿主抵御病原体入侵的重要机制,NLRP3炎症小体的过度激活会导致炎症,促进疾病的发展,并损害组织和器官功能(图1)。NLRP3炎症小体的经典激活途径涉及启动和激活两个关键步骤。在启动阶段,特异性模式识别受体,如TLR和细胞因子受体识别PAMP和细胞因子,激活NF-κB信号通路,上调NLRP3、pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18。在激活阶段,NLRP3通过NACHT结构域聚合,然后招募ASC,进而招募和激活前caspase-1[13-14],这三种蛋白组装成一个多聚体蛋白,称为NLRP3炎症小体。活化的caspase-1将pro-IL-1β和pro-IL-18切割成具有生物活性的形式,从而诱导炎症[15]。活化的caspase-1也能切割消皮素D,从而触发一种特定形式的细胞死亡,即焦亡[16]。
NLRP3炎症小体的激活是由多种上游信号触发的,包括K+外排、Cl-外排、Ca2+内流、溶酶体损伤、线粒体功能障碍和ROS生成[17]。P2X7R是由细胞外ATP调节的配体门控离子通道,其也可激活NLRP3炎症小体[18]。此外,NEK7是一种与有丝分裂相关的丝-苏氨酸激酶,NEK7特异性与NLRP3相互作用,形成NEK7-NLRP3复合体,进而诱导ASC斑点信息、caspase-1激活,并最终导致NLRP3炎性小体激活[19]。NLRP3炎症小体激活后释放促炎细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18。因此,NLRP3/IL-1轴对炎症反应和免疫系统功能至关重要。
2. NLRP3炎症小体在AIH发病过程中的作用
最近研究[20]发现,炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡和大量细胞因子的产生影响AIH的炎症反应和肝损伤的炎症程度,这是AIH进展的关键因素之一(图2)。研究[21]表明调节性T淋巴细胞(Treg)、自然杀伤性T淋巴细胞(NKT)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)在AIH发病机制中起重要作用。Th1细胞分泌IL-2和IFN-γ刺激CTL,激活巨噬细胞释放IL-1β、IL-18和TNF-α,从而导致T淋巴细胞的进一步激活和肝损伤。其次,由细胞因子介导的NKT的激活也可以导致AIH的发生[22],TNF家族超受体OX40可激活NKT中的caspase-1剪切消皮素D,诱发细胞焦亡,并释放IL-1β产生肝脏炎性损伤[23],AIH小鼠模型中的NKT可以表达共刺激OX40和高水平的caspase-1[24],caspase-1的激活导致IL-1β介导的细胞焦亡的成熟和分泌,OX40/OX40L的激活又能促进CD4+T淋巴细胞的增殖、分化,抑制Treg的活性,Treg的活性降低可以导致炎性细胞因子和IFN-γ大量分泌,进而加重肝脏炎性细胞的浸润,诱导AIH的发生[23, 25]。
ConA诱导的肝炎可导致T淋巴细胞的激活,产生大量的促炎细胞因子,并损伤或杀伤肝细胞,在一定程度上模拟人AIH[26]。研究[27]发现,在ConA诱导的AIH模型小鼠的肝脏中NLRP3、caspase-1、IL-1β均高表达,为了进一步探索NLRP3炎症小体在AIH中的作用,研究人员将NLRP3敲除后发现,与野生型小鼠相比,NLRP3敲除小鼠肝细胞损伤明显减轻,且血清AST和ALT水平降低,肝细胞中caspase-1和IL-1β表达下调。Liu等[28]最新研究表明,嘌呤能使P2X4受体在ConA诱导的AIH模型中高表达,其通过增强促炎细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α和IL-6和NLRP3炎症小体的表达,进而促进AIH的发生发展。
三氯乙烯(trichloroethylene,TCE)介导的AIH炎症类似于ConA介导的肝炎,两者都与T淋巴细胞有关。TCE刺激导致氧化应激诱导的炎症小体激活,导致肝脏免疫反应失调,诱导自身免疫性疾病的形成[29]。研究[30]表明,TCE可导致ROS生成增加,引发炎性小体激活和疾病。这些研究强烈提示NLRP3炎症小体激活参与了AIH的炎症反应,并在其发病机制中发挥了重要作用。
3. 靶向NLRP3炎性小体的潜在治疗作用
越来越多的证据表明,NLRP3炎性小体参与了AIH的发展。抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活可能减轻AIH的炎症反应,具体机制仍在不断探索中(图2),明确NLRP3炎性小体在不同条件下的激活及致病机制,有助于寻找AIH可能的治疗靶点。
3.1 IL-1受体拮抗剂
在ConA诱导的肝炎中,血液中NLRP3炎症小体的表达和活化的caspase-1、IL-1β和乳酸脱氢酶的水平升高,且焦亡是ConA诱导的小鼠肝细胞死亡的主要方式[31]。此外,NLRP3炎症小体及其下游产物在肝细胞中高表达[32]。研究[33]表明重组人IL-1受体拮抗剂(recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonists,RhIL-1RA)可以抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活和IL-1β的产生。mtROS可促进微生物相关分子模式(microbe associated molecular patterns,MAMP)和DAMP激活NLRP3炎症小体,RhIL-1RA通过降低ConA诱导小鼠的ROS水平和肝细胞中NLRP3、活性caspase-1和IL-1β的产生可以显著抑制细胞焦亡[34]。这些结果表明,RhIL-1RA可以降低ROS的产生、减少NLRP3炎症小体生成和防止细胞焦亡,同时可与IL-1β竞争降低ConA诱导的肝炎严重程度。
3.2 miRNA
miRNA是单链非编码RNA,长度在19~24个核苷酸,其可调节NLRP3炎症小体的形成[35]。各种miRNA,包括miR-223、miR-22和miR-7,可以控制NLRP3 miRNA的表达[36],特别是miR-223结合到NLRP3 mRNA的3'-非翻译区(3'-UTR),并在结合点上阻断蛋白质翻译[37]。研究证实miR-22和miR-7在炎症期间靶向NLRP3的表达,可抑制炎症反应的过度激活[38],miR-211-5p可通过靶向调控免疫细胞及肝细胞TLR4,降低NLRP3的表达,进而减轻肝损伤[39]。miR-223在骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSC)中高表达。在小鼠模型中,BMSC来源的外泌体可有效逆转AIH和肝细胞损伤,并下调NLRP3的表达和降低caspase-1的水平[40]。表明BMSC的外泌体miR-223可抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活,进而改善AIH。
3.3 富马酸二甲酯
实验研究[41-42]表明,NLRP3炎症小体在持续炎症引起的纤维化和肝损伤中发挥作用,抑制炎症小体和细胞焦亡可能是预防炎症性肝损伤的有效治疗途径。富马酸二甲酯是一种潜在的线粒体保护剂,其可降低血清炎症细胞因子水平,减轻肝损伤[43]。近期研究[44]表明,富马酸二甲酯除了可减少线粒体损伤和mtROS生成外,还可调节PKA信号转导,抑制NLRP3炎症小体组装,从而减轻ConA诱导的AIH肝损伤,其机制可能是通过富马酸二甲酯促进PKA信号转导,增加PKA特异性位点上Ser/Thr残基上NLRP3的磷酸化,从而降低NLRP3炎症小体的激活。
3.4 TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路
TLR4/NF-κB通路是机体内炎症信号转导的经典通路。TLR4可通过促进其下游的NF-κB磷酸化激活上调NLRP3的表达[45],介导自身免疫性疾病的发生和发展。大量研究发现,许多中草药提取物对TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3介导的AIH有很好的调控作用,可应用于AIH的治疗。
刺芒柄花素是一种具有多种生物功能的天然草药提取物,研究[46]表明,在ConA诱导的AIH中,其能显著降低小鼠血清和肝组织中促炎细胞因子水平,可能机制为抑制NF-κB信号通路和NLRP3炎症小体的激活。
葫芦素E是高氧合的四环三萜类化合物,其具有强大的抗炎、免疫调节和抗肿瘤特性[47]。研究[48]发现,葫芦素E对ConA诱导的AIH有明显的肝保护作用,显著减弱了血清肝毒性指标和肝脏病变严重程度,其机制是抑制氧化应激、上调沉默调节蛋白1、核转录因子红系2相关因子2和血红素加氧酶1,进而阻断NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路,抑制NLRP3炎症小体介导的细胞焦亡。
合生素作为益生菌与益生元结合使用的生物制剂,其可调节肠道菌群和免疫应答,维持肠道屏障的完整性,并且可阻断脂多糖易位,抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路的激活,进而减少炎症因子的产生,缓解AIH[49]。Kang等[50]研究表明合生素不仅通过调节肠-肝轴抑制细菌脂多糖进入肝脏,恢复肠道菌群和肠道屏障,而且可抑制肝脏TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3信号通路减轻AIH小鼠的肝损伤和炎症,进而改善肝功能。
4. 小结
综上所述,随着对NLRP3炎症小体的深入研究,可以明确NLRP3炎症小体活化在AIH发生发展中具有重要病理机制。抑制炎症小体NLRP3的活性,可抑制AIH炎症反应,进而缓解AIH,但现阶段某些NLRP3炎症小体激活的抑制剂发挥作用的机制和相关靶基因的研究仍停留在基础实验阶段,临床试验是否有效尚未得到验证,因此,了解NLRP3炎性小体在不同条件下的激活及致病机制,有助于为AIH寻找潜在的治疗靶点。
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