肝静脉剥夺术的研究进展
DOI: 10.12449/JCH250128
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摘要: 门静脉栓塞术(PVE)可引起栓塞肝叶的萎缩和非栓塞肝叶的代偿性再生。但是由于PVE术后残余肝脏(FLR)再生不充分,因此部分患者在PVE术后仍不适合行肝切除术。近年来,行PVE同时行肝静脉栓塞术(HVE)的肝静脉剥夺术(LVD)显示出诱导FLR进一步再生的效果。相比联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术,LVD触发了更快、更强的FLR再生,且术后并发症发生率和病死率更低。本文总结了LVD的相关文献,介绍LVD的有效性并分析各种技术路径的差异和安全性,认为LVD是一种安全且有效的术前预处理方法。Abstract: Portal vein embolization (PVE) can induce atrophy of the embolized lobe and compensatory regeneration of the non-embolized lobe. However, due to inadequate regeneration of future liver remnant (FLR) after PVE, some patients remain unsuitable for hepatectomy after PVE. In recent years, liver venous deprivation (LVD), which combines PVE with hepatic vein embolization (HVE), has induced enhanced FLR regeneration. Compared with associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS), LVD triggers faster and more robust FLR regeneration, with lower incidence rate of postoperative complications and mortality rate. By reviewing related articles on LVD, this article introduces the effectiveness of LVD and analyzes the differences and safety of various technical paths, and it is believed that LVD is a safe and effective preoperative pretreatment method.
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肝切除术适用于肝占位性病变、炎症性疾病、创伤性肝破裂等各种肝疾病,且目前肝大部分切除术的适用范围在不断扩大。肝切除术后的死亡率为0%~5%,而并发症发病率为10%~20%[1-2]。最常见的死亡原因是腹腔感染和术后肝衰竭。由于残余肝脏体积(future liver remnant volumetric, FLR-V)不足可引起术后肝衰竭,因此在进行肝切除术前,首先需要确定切除范围并排除FLR-V不足的情况,对于存在该问题的患者术前需要增加FLR-V。对于肝功能正常的患者,FLR-V须占肝脏总体积的25%以上[3],而对于合并慢性肝病的患者,FLR-V应占肝脏总体积的40%以上[4],否则手术切除后出现肝衰竭甚至死亡的风险极高。临床中采用不同技术来增加FLR-V,并降低术后发生肝衰竭的可能性。门静脉栓塞(portal vein embolization,PVE)常被用于FLR-V不足患者肝切除前的肝脏准备。然而,在等待肝切除术期间仍存在残余肝脏(FLR)再生不足无法支持预期肝切除术以及肿瘤进展等问题,故促使研究者进一步探索替代技术。2012年提出了一种新型肝再生方法——联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎二步肝切除术(associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy, ALPPS),相比于PVE,ALPPS术后FLR再生增加2~3倍,并且切除率可达95%~100%。然而由于其死亡率和术后并发症发生率居高不下,因此ALPPS未能成为标准化、低风险、快速再生的方法[5]。近年来学者们发现PVE联合肝静脉栓塞(hepatic vein embolization, HVE)既能够实现快速再生,又不会增加临床风险,并被部分学者认定为提高FLR-V的最优选择之一。
PVE联合HVE可根据二者之间的时间间隔分为同时门静脉联合肝静脉栓塞术(PHVE)[6-9]和顺序门静脉联合肝静脉栓塞术(PVE-HVE)[10-14]。2016年,PHVE被命名为肝静脉剥夺术(liver venous deprivation, LVD)[6],之后PHVE又因栓塞入路、栓塞分支和栓塞材料的不同被分为双栓塞(biembolization, BE)[8]、扩展肝静脉剥夺术(extended liver venous deprivation, eLVD)[7]和放射学同时性门-肝静脉栓塞术(radiological simultaneous portohepatic vein embolization, RASPE)[15],本文将这些技术统称为LVD或在LVD基础上额外栓塞肝中静脉(middle hepatic veins, MHV)的eLVD。自从提出LVD以来,其安全性和有效性一直备受学者关注,并常与PVE、ALPPS等其他预处理手段相比较。
1. LVD的形成与发展
2007年Lee等[16]在活体供肝移植研究中发现,在一侧移植叶自发性门静脉闭塞状态下,移植后的肝静脉狭窄会加速门静脉闭塞叶的萎缩,最终导致对侧移植叶进一步再生,提示PVE术后同侧HVE会促进对侧肝再生。2009年,Hwang等[10]将这一理论应用于PVE术后FLR-V仍<40%的12例肝癌患者中,在PVE术后(13.5±4.2)d进行了HVE,并观察到明显FLR再生。其通过右颈内静脉穿刺实施HVE,在肝静脉右支(right hepatic veins, RHV)近端放置腔静脉滤器以防止在肝静脉右支栓塞(right hepatic veins embolization, RHVE)过程中弹簧圈位移到下腔静脉,使用直径为8~12 mm的弹簧圈栓塞RHV及其主要分支。然而1例(33%)患者术后出现部分腔静脉滤器位移进入下腔静脉,因此转换了HVE的方式:通过右颈内静脉的另一个穿刺点将5F导管伸入RHV,并在其近端放置一个12~16 mm血管塞以防止弹簧圈迁移,弹簧圈则通过5F导管插入RHV及其主要分支。在所有RHV大分支完全栓塞后,移除7F鞘和5F导管。自此开创了HVE促进FLR-V再生的先河,之后PVE-HVE的研究仍在继续[11-17]。2015年Hwang等[12]再次发表42例(包括2009年已发表的12例患者)接受PVE-HVE治疗的患者数据,充分证明PVE术后HVE能够进一步刺激FLR再生,并且与PVE有相似的并发症。此外,Niekamp等[13]对PVE术后仍不能达到手术条件的结直肠癌肝转移患者进行了挽救性HVE,并为原本不能手术的3例(33%)患者成功进行了肝切除术。2023年,在对PVE-HVE术后肝功能变化的研究[14]中发现,HVE术后功能性FLR-V的增加程度大于FLR-V,且中位增长率高于单纯PVE(71.3% vs 27.0%),充分证明PVE-HVE在FLR再生方面有较好的作用。
2016年,为了缩短一期栓塞到二期切除术间隔时间,Guiu等[6]将经皮肝PVE和HVE同时进行,并将其命名为LVD。该方法经皮肝入路用血管封堵器(amplatzer vascular plug Ⅱ,AVP)栓塞RHV及其主要分支,并使用1∶1的碘油和氰基丙烯酸正丁酯混合物栓塞RHV远端分支以及交通静脉,最后对穿刺道进行栓塞。由于右前叶的2/3静脉由MHV引流[18-20],因此可将RHVE扩展为RHVE+MHVE[7]。额外的MHVE可进一步促进FLR再生,Guiu等[7]将其命名为eLVD。多数与PVE进行比较的研究[15,21-23]表明,LVD后FLR-V增幅>PVE,且LVD是FLR-V和FLR功能(future liver remnant function, FLR-F)变化的独立影响因子[24]。2020年出现了RASPE[15],其操作过程与LVD相似。
BE是经皮肝PVE同时采用颈内静脉入路AVP栓塞RHV的操作[8],其在经右颈内静脉入路后使用比目标肝静脉直径大80%~100%的AVP栓塞目标肝静脉,但未使用线圈或液体栓塞材料来栓塞肝静脉末端及小分支,并且也没有进行穿刺道的栓塞。Haruki等[25]和Masthoff等[26]研究中的操作方式与此相似。2023年,Della Corte等[27]研究结果显示BE与LVD术后安全性和有效性无差异,然而由于BE中患者基线FLR-V更小(LVD∶484 cm3;BE∶394 cm3)且等待时间更长(LVD∶21 d;BE∶26 d),基线FLR-V与增生程度呈负相关,理论上BE后FLR增生程度应该比LVD更高。两者增生程度相似可能是因为LVD使用液体栓塞剂栓塞了可能形成肝静脉-静脉通路(即栓塞叶与未栓塞叶边界)的小分支,从而诱导FLR进一步增生。
随着LVD技术不断成熟,与其他术前准备相结合的研究逐渐增多。2018年出现了一种针对肝门部胆管癌患者的方法[21],在进行LVD手术时或手术前1周进行经皮胆道引流,可以缩短术前等待时间,并降低肿瘤沿胆管扩散的风险。有学者[28]将MHV结扎纳入ALPPS的第一阶段;通过腹腔镜下行LVD(LP-LVD)也显示出良好的再生效果[29-30];或尝试先行HVE后行PVE,发现HVE术后门静脉流量降低,继续进行PVE时栓塞物质进入对侧门静脉的风险增加,因此HVE术后PVE存在较大意外栓塞风险[31];LVD前行经导管动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE),并发现合并肝硬化的肝细胞癌患者TACE后LVD同样能诱导显著FLR再生[32]。
2. LVD术后的FLR再生
2.1 体积增生的变化
LVD与二期切除术的间隔时间平均为31 d,动力学增长率(kinetic growth rates, KGR)为9.3 cm3/d,eLVD术后7 d内的KGR为25 cm3/d[7],与ALPPS相似[5,33]。eLVD术后21 d的KGR为9.6 cm3/d,高于单纯门静脉结扎和PVE,与LVD相似[6,33-34],由此表明LVD术后FLR增生主要集中在前期,且并未观察到LVD和eLVD之间KGR的差异[35]。Marino等[36]研究亦显示LVD术后FLR增长高峰出现得比单纯PVE更早、更高。一项荟萃分析[37]指出ALPPS术后FLR再生率与LVD相比无差异,其中ALPPS和LVD早期KGR无显著差异(9 d vs 7 d∶23 cm3/d vs 26 cm3/d,P=0.31),但由于LVD再生后期FLR增长率下降,后期ALPPS的KGR高于LVD(9 d vs 21 d∶20 cm3/d vs 10 cm3/d,P=0.02)[38]。与PVE的对比研究[39]显示,LVD术后22 d内FLR再生率高于PVE,而22 d后下降至与PVE无差异。Panaro等[22]研究显示LVD术后21 d的KGR为16 cm3/d,高于Guiu等[6]报道的9.3 cm3/d,其原因可能是LVD后期FLR增长率随时间增长而下降,而Panaro的研究中LVD术后间隔时间短于Guiu的研究(31 d)。由此可见LVD与二期切除术的间隔时间可以缩短为21 d,且能保持安全性和有效性不变。
在PVE或肝切除的患者中,FLR-F增加并不总与FLR-V增加相关[40-41]。肝切除或ALPPS术后FLR-F再生速度较缓[42],ALPPS第一阶段后1周FLR-F增益是FLR-V增益的50%[43-45]。相反,PVE之后的FLR-F再生速度更快[40]。FLR-F在eLVD术后7 d达到高峰,并随后开始下降(7 d∶65.7%;14 d∶56.7%;21 d∶56.7%)[7]。LVD术后FLR-F再生程度在7、14、21 d时均高于FLR-V再生程度(54.3% vs 37.8%;56.1% vs 50%;68.2% vs 52.6%),且两者上升趋势相似。值得注意的是,FLR-F再生程度在第7天的增幅至少是PVE或ALPPS的2倍。
2.2 基础肝病对FLR再生的影响
大多数PVE术后FLR再生受限的患者,在接受顺序HVE治疗后,相对于基线FLR,其再生量为(27.6±8.6)%[10]。然而,在病毒性肝炎相关肝硬化患者中,HVE对肝体积的影响远小于非肝硬化患者(KGR∶<1%/周 vs >4%/周)[10-12]。Kobayashi等[39]指出LVD术后正常肝和有基础肝病的FLR再生程度(栓塞后22 d FLR%-基线FLR%)分别为:正常肝14.9%、纤维化9.3%、脂肪变性6.7%,表明在LVD术后具有正常肝实质的患者通常会有更大的肝再生能力。合并基础肝病患者由于存在丰富的肝内静脉交通支,栓塞无法有效阻断血流,因此这类患者进行HVE术后FLR再生效果不佳[12]。国内有学者[46]已将PVE/HVE技术应用于乙型肝炎肝硬化合并肝癌患者,并显示出良好的再生效果和安全性。但由于样本量不足,结果需要进一步确认。
2.3 肿瘤分类对再生的影响
根据Hwang等[12]的研究结果显示,由于肿瘤分类不同,PVE-HVE术后FLR的增长速度也会有所差异。肝内胆管癌和肝门部胆管癌的KGR相似(KGR>4%/周)。在经历了PVE-HVE手术2个月后,1例(25%)肝细胞癌患者几乎无FLR再生(KGR<1%/周),而另外2例(50%)肝细胞癌患者则等待间期超过6个月才行切除术。但也有研究[39,47]认为再生程度与评估的恶性肿瘤类型无关。Guiu等[24]在LVD和PVE对照研究中单因素分析显示栓塞技术、年龄和基线FLR-V与FLR-V变化相关,但与肝脏总体积、肿瘤类型和手术类型无关。而造成这种差异的原因是否与介入方式有关尚未明确。经统计,所有行LVD的肿瘤类型中结直肠癌肝转移占大多数(58%),其余类型为肝门部胆管癌(18%)、肝内胆管癌(9%)、肝细胞癌(9%)、胆囊癌(2%)和其他(4%)。
3. LVD的安全性
3.1 栓塞术中并发症
术中误栓MHV发生率为0.8%[12,23,48],栓塞材料意外位移发生率为1.7%[23,26,49]。但术后未进行人为干预,且均未产生严重后果。尽管Guiu等[6]提出AVP直径比目标静脉直径大50%可有效避免术后封堵物迁移,但并不能完全避免此类事件的发生[23,26,49]。在经颈静脉入路中使用液体栓塞材料可能导致栓塞材料溢至肺动脉,因此在决定使用液体栓塞时,应尽量采用经皮经肝入路[14]。
3.2 栓塞术后并发症
2003年,Nagino等[50]对存在肝右后下静脉的肝内胆管癌患者进行术前预处理时,为了避免肝右静脉重建在PVE的同时进行了RHVE。21 d后该患者顺利进行左三区伴RHV切除并出院,首次证明了术前PVE联合HVE术后患者无并发症出现。Guiu等[24]研究中发现LVD术后有患者严重虚弱,给予补充维生素和离子后虚弱症状消失。其他并发症多为疼痛和发热[35],并发症发生率与PVE术后相似(15% vs 15.6%)。LVD术后肝周血肿偶有发生,故穿刺道栓塞需使用胶水等永久性栓塞剂避免出血[51]。在Chebaro等[52]的研究中,有2例(1.6%)原发性肝癌患者LVD后死于脓毒性胆管炎,这可能与患者病情较重有关。Hwang等[12]对7例PVE-HVE术后未接受肝切除术的患者进行1年以上的随访,未观察到如肝脓肿、胆管炎或坏死等并发症。
4. LVD后的二期手术切除率
有研究[35,53-54]显示,LVD术后二期手术切除率高于PVE(87% vs 75%),而二者术中出血、肝门阻断时间、术中输注红细胞量及手术时间均无差异,且LVD组肝脏状态较差(基础肝病:LVD 50% vs PVE 45%)[55]。不可切除的原因包括患者栓塞后FLR-V不足、患者发现腹膜癌以及患者疾病进展[53-54]。LVD二期手术切除率低于ALPPS(72.6% vs 90.6%,P<0.001),可能是因为LVD组原发性肝癌患者较多导致[52]。LVD术后的二期手术切除率因研究类型和纳入患者的病情而异,且受每个中心的选择和治疗偏好的影响。
5. 二期肝切除术后并发症
行LVD患者肝切除术后常见并发症为出血(41%)、胆瘘(5%)、肝衰竭(17%)、腹水(23.5%)、门静脉血栓形成及胆管炎等[7-9]。LVD术后肝衰竭导致的死亡率与PVE术后相似(11% vs 24.8%,P=0.145)[35]。相较于PVE,术前接受LVD治疗的患者术后出血事件更多[56],这可能与该技术诱发的血流动力学变化有关。Panaro等[22]报道的LVD患者肝切除术后并发症发生率为76.9%,其中Claven-Dindo≥3级占7.7%。Chebaro等[52]研究显示,LVD后100例行预期肝切除术的患者术后并发症Claven-Dindo≥3级为21.9%。
6. 二期肝切除术后生存率
Heil等[35]研究显示,LVD和PVE术后90 d死亡率分别为3%和16%,LVD组的90 d死亡率明显低于PVE和ALPPS;LVD组死亡原因主要为出血性休克,PVE组为脓毒症伴多器官功能衰竭(65%)、术后出血(29%)和卒中(6%)。Kobayashi等[39]研究结果显示,LVD组肝切除术后1年、2年和3年的生存率分别为95%、81%和81%,PVE组分别为96%、84%和77%;LVD组肝切除术后1年、2年和3年的无病生存率分别为66%、44%和33%,PVE组分别为65%、40%和27%。两组生存率和无病生存率均无差异。一项荟萃分析[57]结果亦显示ALPPS和PVE的1年生存率与LVD相似。
7. 尚存争议的问题
(1)潜在交通支的栓塞:栓塞叶和FLR之间的肝静脉侧支形成可能会降低FLR再生程度,但对有FLR优势引流静脉的分支栓塞又会增大肝淤血的风险。因此对于是否栓塞肝静脉小分支,需根据患者情况决定。(2)LVD-肝切除术间隔时间:对于恶性肿瘤患者,特别是晚期肝癌患者,早期行肝脏切除可降低肿瘤进展的风险。Guiu等[6]认为栓塞与预期肝切除术之间的时间间隔可以缩短至15 d而不影响再生结果。但因其纳入的样本量较低,故将等待时间缩短为15 d,在促进FLR再生的同时是否能降低肿瘤进展需要进一步讨论。(3)适用的基线FLR-V:有报道[26]称对于中度sFLR-V(标准残肝体积>26.3%)患者,选用PVE或LVD术后sFLR-V再生情况无明显差异,但LVD操作复杂且相比于PVE创伤较大,所以对中度sFLR-V基线患者首选PVE还是直接选择LVD需要进一步研究。(4)不同技术路径对术后FLR再生的影响:由于各LVD技术路径和栓塞材料不同,Korenblik等[58]计划进一步研究各技术对FLR再生的影响。(5)适用患者类型:尽管未通过诊断确定LVD的适应证,但在已有的报道中LVD组结直肠癌肝转移瘤和肝门部胆管癌更为常见。因此,结直肠癌肝转移瘤和肝门部胆管癌可能是LVD的良好指征。
8. 小结
本文总结了已应用于临床的部分LVD技术路线及其优势和安全性,认为LVD可广泛应用于以结直肠癌肝转移肿瘤、肝门部胆管癌为代表的不同类型肝脏及胆管肿瘤引起的FLR不足患者中,在大范围肝切除前促进FLR再生,相较于单纯PVE有着更显著的再生效果,为临床治疗提供了另一种选择,能够针对患者的病情和个体差异选择不同的操作方式以达到最佳治疗效果。
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