内镜下曲张静脉套扎术/组织胶注射术治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张的安全性及术后出血的影响因素分析
DOI: 10.12449/JCH260215
Safety of endoscopic variceal ligation and endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection in treatment of esophagogastric varices in patients with liver cirrhosis and influencing factors for postoperative bleeding
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摘要:
目的 分析内镜下曲张静脉套扎术(EVL)和内镜下组织胶注射术(ECI)治疗肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张术后5 d和2周内出血的影响因素,探讨血小板计数减少患者接受EVL/ECI的安全性。 方法 选取2018年1月—2023年12月于广州医科大学附属市八医院接受EVL/ECI治疗的489例肝硬化食管胃静脉曲张患者为研究对象,根据术后是否出血分为术后出血组和术后未出血组,分析术后5 d和2周出血的危险因素。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U检验,计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或连续校正χ2检验;通过受试者操作特征曲线(ROC曲线)确定终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分的截断值。采用Logistic多因素回归分析术后出血的独立危险因素。 结果 血小板计数≥50×109/L患者(n=386)与血小板计数在25×109/L~49×109/L的患者(n=103)EVL/ECI术后5 d出血率(1.94% vs 2.85%,P=0.870)和术后2周出血率(2.91% vs 4.92%,P=0.544)比较,差异均无统计学意义。EVL/ECI术后5 d和2周的总体出血率分别是2.66%(13/489)和4.50%(22/489)。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,MELD评分是EVL/ECI术后5 d出血[比值比(OR)=3.726,95%置信区间(CI):1.214~11.429,P=0.021]和术后2周出血的独立危险因素(OR=5.760,95%CI:1.779~18.651,P=0.003),血红蛋白是术后5 d(OR=0.972, 95%CI: 0.948~0.996,P=0.025)和术后2周(OR=0.976, 95%CI: 0.957~0.995,P=0.016)出血的保护因素,门静脉癌栓是术后2周出血的独立危险因素(OR=2.667,95%CI:1.000~7.117,P=0.050),血小板计数(25×109/L~49×109/L)不是术后出血的危险因素(P>0.05)。 结论 对于伴有三级血小板减少的肝病患者,EVL和ECI治疗安全性较好;MELD评分是术后5 d和2周出血的独立危险因素,血红蛋白为保护因素;门静脉癌栓是术后2周出血的独立危险因素。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors for bleeding within 5 days and 2 weeks after endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) or endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection (ECI) for the treatment of esophagogastric varices in patients with liver cirrhosis, as well as the safety of EVL/ECI in patients with thrombocytopenia. Methods A total of 489 patients with liver cirrhosis and esophagogastric varices who underwent EVL/ECI in Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, from January 2018 to December 2023 were enrolled as subjects, and according to the presence or absence of bleeding after surgery, they were divided into bleeding group and non-bleeding group. The risk factors for bleeding within 5 days and 2 weeks after surgery were analyzed. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the chi-square test or the continuity-corrected chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to determine the cut-off value of MELD score; a multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for postoperative bleeding. Results There were no significant differences in the bleeding rates within 5 days and 2 weeks after EVL/ECI between the 386 patients with a platelet count of ≥50×109/L and the 103 patients with a platelet count of (25 — 49)×109/L (5 days: 1.94% vs 2.85%, P=0.870; 2 weeks: 2.91% vs 4.92%, P=0.544). The overall bleeding rate was 2.66% (13/489) and 4.50% (22/489), respectively, within 5 days and 2 weeks after EVL/ECI. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that MELD score was an independent risk factor for bleeding within 5 days (odds ratio [OR]=3.726, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.214 — 11.429, P=0.021) and 2 weeks (OR=5.760, 95%CI: 1.779 — 18.651, P=0.003) after EVL/ECI, while hemoglobin (Hb) was a protective factor against bleeding within 5 days (OR=0.972, 95%CI: 0.948 — 0.996, P=0.025) and 2 weeks (OR=0.976, 95%CI: 0.957 — 0.995, P=0.016) after surgery; portal vein tumor thrombus (OR=2.667, 95%CI: 1.000 — 7.117, P=0.050) was an independent risk factor for bleeding within 2 weeks after surgery, while platelet count [(25 — 49)×10⁹/L] was not a risk factor for postoperative bleeding (P>0.05). Conclusion Both EVL and ECI have good safety in patients with liver diseases and grade 3 thrombocytopenia. MELD score is an independent risk factor for bleeding within 5 days and 2 weeks after EVL/ECI, while Hb is a protective factor; portal vein tumor thrombus is an independent risk factor for bleeding within 2 weeks after surgery. -
Key words:
- Thrombocytopenia /
- Esophageal and Gastric Varices /
- Endoscopy
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表 1 EVL/ECI术后5 d出血组和未出血组的基线特征比较
Table 1. Comparison of baseline characteristics between bleeding group and non bleeding group after 5-day EVL/ECI
项目 术后5 d出血组
(n=13)术后5 d未出血组
(n=476)统计值 P值 男性[例(%)] 12(92.3) 404(84.9) χ2=0.121 0.728 年龄(岁) 51.54±9.33 53.09±10.66 t=-0.519 0.604 肝硬化病因[例(%)] χ2=0.182 0.670 HBV相关 9(69.2) 372(78.2) 无HBV 4(30.8) 104(21.8) 合并肝癌[例(%)] 6(46.2) 145(30.5) χ2=0.817 0.366 门静脉血栓[例(%)] 1(7.7) 38(8.0) χ2=0.000 >0.05 门静脉宽度(cm) 14(12~16) 13(12~14) Z=-1.730 0.080 门静脉癌栓[例(%)] 5(30.8) 59(12.4) χ2=2.345 0.126 内镜治疗方式[例(%)] χ2=1.318 0.251 EVL 9(68.2) 404(84.9) EVL+ECI 4(30.8) 72(15.1) 血小板计数(×109/L) 72(54~153) 77(52~116) Z=-0.373 0.709 血小板计数[例(%)] χ2=0.027 0.870 ≥50×109/L 11(84.6) 375(78.8) 25×109/L~49×109/L 2(15.4) 101(21.2) HGB(g/L) 63(52~77) 87(65~111) Z=-2.640 0.008 PTA(%) 55(49~68) 63(52~72) Z=-1.405 0.160 INR 1.49(1.28~1.62) 1.35(1.21~1.58) Z=-1.357 0.175 PT(s) 18.20(16.10~19.55) 16.7(15.4~18.8) Z=-1.388 0.165 APTT(s) 42.10(39.35~58.15) 41.15(37.57~45.39) Z=-1.411 0.158 TBil(μmol/L) 24.68(13.75~96.71) 22.48(14.87~37.90) Z=-0.787 0.431 Alb(g/L) 31.85±5.52 32.95±5.58 t=-0.702 0.483 MELD评分(分) 14.43(10.33~20.02) 10.90(8.93~3.63) Z=-2.410 0.016 Child-Pugh评分(分) 8(7~10) 7(6~9) Z=-1.210 0.226 注:EVL,内镜下曲张静脉套扎术;ECI,内镜下组织胶注射术;HBV,乙型肝炎病毒;HGB,血红蛋白; PTA,凝血酶原活动度;INR,国际标准化比值;PT,凝血酶原时间;APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间;TBil,总胆红素;Alb,白蛋白;MELD,终末期肝病模型;Child-Pugh评分,蔡尔德-皮尤评分。
表 2 EVL/ECI术后5 d出血的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 2. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis of bleeding 5-days after EVL/ECI
影响因素 单因素分析 多因素分析 OR(95%CI) P值 B值 SE Wald OR(95%CI) P值 HGB(g/L) 0.971(0.949~0.994) 0.015 -0.029 0.013 4.996 0.972(0.948~0.996) 0.025 MELD评分>14.39分 4.278(1.407~13.009) 0.010 1.315 0.572 5.289 3.726(1.214~11.429) 0.021 Child-Pugh评分(分) 1.186(0.931~1.511) 1.186 PT(s) 1.075(0.966~1.195) 0.184 APTT(s) 1.000(0.997~1.003) 0.983 INR 1.689(0.749~3.810) 0.207 血小板计数(25×109/L~49×109/L) 0.675(0.147~3.095) 0.613 内镜治疗方式 2.494(0.748~8.315) 0.137 门静脉癌栓 3.141(0.938~10.523) 0.063 注:EVL,内镜下曲张静脉套扎术;ECI,内镜下组织胶注射术;HGB,血红蛋白;MELD,终末期肝病模型;Child-Pugh评分,蔡尔德-皮尤评分;PT,凝血酶原时间;APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间;INR,国际标准化比值;OR,比值比;CI,置信区间。
表 3 EVL/ECI术后2周出血的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 3. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis of bleeding 2-weeks after EVL/ECI
影响因素 单因素分析 多因素分析 OR(95%CI) P值 B值 SE Wald OR(95%CI) P值 HGB(g/L) 0.976(0.959~0.993) 0.006 -0.024 0.010 5.777 0.976(0.957~0.995) 0.016 MELD评分>14.39分 4.919(2.046~11.825) <0.001 1.751 0.599 8.533 5.760(1.779~18.651) 0.003 Child-Pugh评分(分) 1.280(1.062~1.542) 0.010 PT(s) 1.092(1.004~1.187) 0.040 APTT(s) 1.000(0.997~1.003) 0.926 INR 1.909(0.984~3.702) 0.056 血小板计数(25×109/L~49×109/L) 1.726(0.501~5.949) 0.388 内镜治疗方式 1.304(0.428~3.970) 0.640 门静脉癌栓 4.281(1.718~10.66) 0.002 0.981 0.501 3.837 2.667(1.000~7.117) 0.050 注: EVL,内镜下曲张静脉套扎术;ECI,内镜下组织胶注射术;HGB,血红蛋白;MELD,终末期肝病模型;Child-Pugh评分,蔡尔德-皮尤评分;PT,凝血酶原时间;APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间;INR,国际标准化比值;OR,比值比;CI,置信区间。
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