基于国际胰腺外科研究小组2022标准的微创胰十二指肠切除术后发生急性胰腺炎的危险因素及预后分析
DOI: 10.12449/JCH260618
Risk factors for acute pancreatitis after minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy and a prognostic analysis based on the 2022 International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery criteria
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摘要:
目的 探讨微创胰十二指肠切除术(MIPD)术后发生急性胰腺炎的危险因素及其与主要并发症的相关性,以提高对胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎(PPAP)与术后胰瘘(POPF)的认识,从而减少PPAP和POPF的发生。 方法 回顾性分析2015年3月—2023年12月于南华大学附属第一医院肝胆胰外科行MIPD的114例患者的临床资料,采用国际胰腺外科研究小组对PPAP的定义与诊断标准判断是否发生PPAP。计量资料两组间比较采用成组t检验或Mann-Whitney U秩和检验,多组间比较采用 Kruskal-Wallis H检验,进一步两两比较采用Dunn检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法,进一步两两比较采用Bonferroni校正的χ2检验。采用多因素Logistic回归分析MIPD术后PPAP的危险因素。 结果 114例MIPD患者中,27例(23.7%)发生PPAP。多因素分析显示,主胰管直径≤3 mm(OR=5.083,95%CI:1.703~15.172,P=0.004)、胰腺质地柔软(OR=5.925,95%CI:1.986~17.677,P=0.001)、术后第1天C-反应蛋白≥180 mg/L(OR=5.419,95%CI:1.586~18.513,P=0.007)为MIPD术后PPAP发生的独立危险因素。临床分析结果显示,PPAP患者术后POPF、腹腔感染、Clavien-Dindo 3/4级并发症、带管出院、术后90天死亡的发生率更高(χ2=5.676、5.460、9.863、5.439、4.207,P值均<0.05)。 结论 主胰管直径、胰腺质地及术后第1天C-反应蛋白与MIPD术后PPAP发生密切相关;PPAP可导致术后其他并发症甚至死亡。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors for postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis (PPAP) after minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy (MIPD) and their association with major complications, to improve the understanding of PPAP and postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF), and to reduce the incidence rates of PPAP and POPF. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 114 patients who underwent MIPD in Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, from March 2015 to December 2023, and the definition of PPAP and its diagnostic criteria provided by the International Study Group of Pancreatic Surgery were used to determine the presence or absence of PPAP. The independent samples t-test or the Mann-Whitney U rank sum test was used for comparison of continuous data between groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the Dunn-test was used for further comparison between two groups.; the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups., and the Bonferroni-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for PPAP after MIPD. Results Of all 114 patients undergoing MIPD, 27 (23.7%) experienced PPAP. The multivariate analysis showed that main pancreatic duct diameter ≤3 mm (odds ratio [OR]=5.083, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.703 — 15.172, P=0.004), soft pancreatic texture (OR=5.925, 95%CI: 1.986 — 17.677, P=0.001), and C-reactive protein ≥180 mg/L on day 1 after surgery (OR=5.419, 95%CI: 1.586 — 18.513, P=0.007) were independent risk factors for the onset of PPAP after MIPD. Clinical analyses showed that the patients with PPAP tended to have significantly higher incidence rates of POPF, peritoneal infection, Clavien-Dindo grade 3/4 complications, discharge with tube, and 90-day postoperative death (χ2 =5.676, 5.460, 9.863, 5.439, and 4.207, all P<0.05). Conclusion Main pancreatic duct diameter, pancreatic texture, and C-reactive protein on day 1 after surgery are closely associated with the onset of PPAP after MIPD, and PPAP can lead to other postoperative complications and even death. -
Key words:
- Pancreaticoduodenectomy /
- Pancreatitis /
- Risk Factors /
- Prognosis
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表 1 患者一般资料
Table 1. Baseline data of patients
指标 数值 年龄(岁) 59.5(56.0~66.0) 女性[例(%)] 59(51.8) BMI(kg/m2) 21.9(20.3~23.0) 术前合并黄疸(总胆红素>34.2 μmol/L)
[例(%)]77(67.5) 糖尿病[例(%)] 10(8.8) 高血压病[例(%)] 22(19.3) 术前直接胆红素(μmol/L) 44.2(6.4~100.1) 术前血红蛋白(g/L) 112.0(100.5~123.0) 术前白蛋白(g/L) 38.8(35.2~40.3) 术前胆道引流[例(%)] 无 74(64.9) PTCD 17(14.9) ENBD 23(20.2) 手术方式[例(%)] RPD 62(54.4) LPD 52(45.6) 手术时间(h) 6.3(4.8~7.5) 术中失血量(mL) 250.0(137.5~300.0) ASA分级[例(%)] 2级 29(25.4) 3级 83(72.8) 4级 2(1.8) 主胰管直径≤3 mm[例(%)] 37(32.5) 胰腺质地P/S值≤0.75[例(%)] 44(38.6) 肿瘤最大直径≤2 cm[例(%)] 59(51.8) 病理结果[例(%)] 胰腺导管腺癌 26(22.8) 慢性胰腺炎 4(3.5) 十二指肠及乳头腺癌 53(46.5) 胆管癌 11(9.6) 其他病理 20(17.6) 术后第1天直接胆红素(μmol/L) 29.8(12.4~83.3) 术后第1天白蛋白(g/L) 34.1±4.6 术后第1天CRP(mg/L) 54.6(23.7~129.0) 注:BMI,体重指数;PTCD,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术;ENBD,经内镜鼻胆管引流术;RPD,机器人胰十二指肠切除术;LPD,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术;ASA,美国麻醉医师协会;P/S值,胰腺/脾脏CT值;CRP,C-反应蛋白。
表 2 MIPD术后PPAP危险因素的单因素分析
Table 2. Univariate analysis of risk factors for PPAP after MIPD
因素 PPAP组(n=27) 非PPAP组(n=87) 统计值 P值 年龄>65岁[例(%)] 7(25.9) 26(29.9) χ2=0.157 0.692 女性[例(%)] 17(63.0) 42(48.3) χ2=1.780 0.182 BMI≥24 kg/m2[例(%)] 9(33.3) 12(13.8) χ2=4.016 0.045 术前合并黄疸[例(%] 16(59.3) 51(58.6) χ2=0.003 0.953 糖尿病[例(%)] 1(3.7) 9(10.3) χ2=0.457 0.499 高血压病[例(%)] 3(11.1) 19(21.8) χ2=1.523 0.217 术前直接胆红素(μmol/L) 52.5(6.8~101.7) 35.7(6.2~99.6) Z=-0.257 0.797 术前血红蛋白(g/L) 112.0(104.0~124.0) 112.0(99.0~123.0) Z=-0.007 0.995 术前白蛋白(g/L) 38.1(34.7~39.4) 38.9(35.2~40.6) Z=-0.687 0.492 术前胆道引流[例(%)] χ2=0.754 0.686 无 16(59.3) 58(66.7) PTCD 4(14.8) 13(14.9) ENBD 7(25.9) 16(18.4) 手术方式[例(%)] χ2=1.410 0.235 RPD 12(44.4) 50(57.5) LPD 15(55.6) 37(42.5) 手术时间(h) 6.0(4.8~7.5) 6.6(4.8~8.3) Z=-0.777 0.437 术中失血量(mL) 200(100~300) 300(150~300) Z=-0.387 0.699 ASA分级≥3级[例(%)] 22(81.5) 63(72.4) χ2=0.893 0.345 主胰管直径≤3 mm[例(%)] 14(51.9) 23(26.4) χ2=6.071 0.014 胰腺质地P/S值≤0.75[例(%)] 16(59.3) 28(32.2) χ2=6.374 0.012 肿瘤最大直径≤2 cm[例(%)] 16(59.3) 43(49.4) χ2=0.798 0.372 病理结果[例(%)] χ2=2.413 0.120 胰腺导管腺癌/慢性胰腺炎 4(14.8) 26(29.9) 其他 23(85.2) 61(70.1) 胰瘘风险评分[例(%)] χ2=10.067 0.002 无危险+低危 3(11.1) 39(44.8) 中危+高危 24(88.9) 48(55.2) 术后直接胆红素(μmol/L) 33.6(14.0~63.5) 28.6(10.4~83.4) Z=-0.147 0.883 术后第1天白蛋白(g/L) 33.9±5.4 34.2±4.4 t=0.208 0.835 术后第1天CRP≥180 mg/L[例(%)] 9(33.3) 12(13.8) χ2=4.016 0.045 注:BMI,体重指数;PTCD,经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术;ENBD,经内镜鼻胆管引流术;RPD,机器人胰十二指肠切除术;LPD,腹腔镜胰十二指肠切除术;ASA,美国麻醉医师协会;P/S值,胰腺/脾脏CT值;CRP,C-反应蛋白;MIPD,微创胰十二指肠切除术;PPAP,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎。
表 3 MIPD术后PPAP的危险因素的多因素分析
Table 3. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for PPAP after MIPD
因素 OR(95%CI) P值 BMI(<24 kg/m2=0,≥24 kg/m2=1) 3.214(0.990~10.428) 0.052 主胰管直径(>3 mm=0, ≤3 mm=1) 5.083(1.703~15.172) 0.004 胰腺质地(坚硬=0,柔软=1) 5.925(1.986~17.677) 0.001 术后第1天CRP(<180 mg/L=0,
≥180 mg/L=1)5.419(1.586~18.513) 0.007 注:BMI,体重指数;CRP,C-反应蛋白;MIPD,微创胰十二指肠切除术;PPAP,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎。
表 4 按PPAP发生情况分层的MIPD术后结局
Table 4. Postoperative outcomes of MIPD stratified by PPAP occurrence
因素 PPAP组(n=27) 非PPAP组(n=87) 统计值 P值 Clavien-Dindo 3/4级并发症[例(%)] 11(40.7) 10(11.5) χ2=9.863 0.002 POPF[例(%)] 13(48.1) 21(24.1) χ2=5.676 0.017 胆漏[例(%)] 4(14.8) 6(6.9) χ2=0.777 0.378 术后晚期出血[例(%)] 3(11.1) 9(10.3) χ2<0.001 >0.05 术后胃排空延迟[例(%)] 4(14.8) 8(9.2) χ2=0.223 0.637 腹腔感染[例(%)] 14(51.9) 24(27.6) χ2=5.460 0.019 穿刺引流[例(%)] 5(18.5) 6(6.8) χ2=1.998 0.157 转入ICU[例(%)] 1(3.7) 3(3.4) >0.05 术后住院天数(d) 20(16~23) 19(16~27) Z=-0.124 0.902 带管出院[例(%)] 10(37.0) 14(16.0) χ2=5.439 0.020 术后90天非计划再手术[例(%)] 1(3.7) 4(4.5) χ2<0.001 >0.05 术后90天非计划再入院[例(%)] 1(3.7) 3(3.4) >0.05 术后90天死亡[例(%)] 4(14.8) 2(2.3) χ2=4.207 0.040 注:PPAP,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎;POPF,术后胰瘘;ICU,重症监护室;MIPD,微创胰十二指肠切除术。
表 5 按POPF及PPAP发生情况分层的MIPD术后结局
Table 5. Postoperative outcomes of MIPD stratified by the occurrence of POPF and PPAP
因素 PPAP-/POPF-组
(n=66)PPAP+/POPF-组
(n=14)PPAP-/POPF+组
(n=21)PPAP+/POPF+组
(n=13)P值 Clavien-Dindo 3/4级并发症[例(%)] 4(6.1) 4(28.6) 6(28.6) 7(53.8) <0.001 胆漏[例(%)] 3(4.5) 2(14.3) 3(14.3) 2(15.4) 0.157 术后晚期出血[例(%)] 7(10.6) 0(0.0) 2(9.5) 3(23.1) 0.280 术后胃排空延迟[例(%)] 4(6.1) 1(7.1) 4(19.0) 3(23.1) 0.104 腹腔感染[例(%)] 11(16.7) 5(35.7) 13(61.9) 9(69.2) <0.001 穿刺引流[例(%)] 2(3.0) 2(14.3) 4(19.0) 3(23.1) 0.014 转入ICU[例(%)] 3(4.5) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 1(7.7) 0.557 术后住院天数(d) 18.0(15.0~23.0) 19.0(15.5~22.0) 26.0(21.0~32.5) 22.0(16.5~30.0) 0.005 带管出院[例(%)] 7(10.6) 3(21.4) 7(33.3) 7(53.8) 0.002 术后90天非计划再手术[例(%)] 4(6.1) 1(7.1) 0(0.0) 0(0.0) 0.720 术后90天非计划再入院[例(%)] 2(3.0) 0(0.0) 1(4.8) 1(7.7) 0.468 术后90天死亡[例(%)] 1(1.5) 2(14.3) 1(4.8) 2(15.4) 0.034 注;PPAP,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎;POPF,术后胰瘘;ICU,重症监护室;MIPD,微创胰十二指肠切除术。
表 6 不同胰腺条件下PPAP与POPF的关系
Table 6. Correlation between PPAP and POPF under different pancreatic conditions
条件 例数 POPF
[例(%)]非POPF
[例(%)]P值 质地柔软细胰管 11 0.242 PPAP组 5 1(20.0) 4(80.0) 非PPAP组 6 4(66.7) 2(33.3) 质地坚硬细胰管 26 0.202 PPAP组 18 7(38.9) 11(61.1) 非PPAP组 8 6(75.0) 2(25.0) 质地柔软粗胰管 33 >0.05 PPAP组 23 5(21.7) 18(78.3) 非PPAP组 10 2(20.0) 8(80.0) 质地坚硬粗胰管 44 0.506 PPAP组 41 8(19.5) 33(80.5) 非PPAP组 3 1(33.3) 2(66.7) 注:部分亚组样本量较小(如质地柔软胰管细组11例),检验效能有限,结果需谨慎解读;PPAP,胰腺切除术后急性胰腺炎;POPF,术后胰瘘。
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