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ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R

Risk factors for the prognosis of elderly patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and construction of a nomogram model for risk prediction

DOI: 10.12449/JCH241009
Research funding:

The Science Foundations of Health Commission of Sichuan Provincial (20PJ180)

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  • Corresponding author: TANG Shanhong, tangshanhong@swjtu.edu.cn (ORCID: 0000-0001-6652-2942)
  • Received Date: 2024-01-19
  • Accepted Date: 2024-02-18
  • Published Date: 2024-10-25
  •   Objective  To investigate the clinical features of elderly patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) and the risk factors affecting the short-term prognosis of patients.  Methods  A retrospective analysis was performed for 417 patients with HBV-ACLF who were admitted to The General Hospital of Western Theater Command from January 2015 to January 2023, and related clinical data were collected, including general status, routine blood test results, biochemical parameters, and conditions of liver cirrhosis and decompensated events (ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, and their severities). The patients were followed up to observe 90-day survival. According to the age, the patients were divided into elderly group (with 106 patients aged ≥60 years) and non-elderly group (with 311 patients aged<60 years), and according to the 90-day survival, the elderly group were further divided into survival group with 41 patients and death/transplantation group with 65 patients. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of quantitative data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of qualitative data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent influencing factors for the risk of death within 90 days in elderly patients with HBV-ACLF, and a nomogram model was constructed for predicting the risk of death. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the value of the model in predicting the prognosis of HBV-ACLF patients in both the training set and the validation set. Calibration curve and decision curve were plotted for the models constructed in the training set and the validation set, and the model was assessed in terms of the degree of fitness and predicting benefits.  Results  The elderly patients had a significantly higher 90-day mortality rate than the non-elderly patients (P<0.05), and compared with the non-elderly group, the elderly group had significantly higher incidence rate in female individuals, basic incidence rate of liver cirrhosis, incidence rate and grade of hepatic encephalopathy, incidence rate of ascites, and liver fibrosis markers (aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index and fibrosis-4) (all P<0.05), as well as significantly lower total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and lymphocytes (all P<0.05). As for the elderly patients with HBV-ACLF, there were significant differences between the survival group and the death/transplantation group in total cholesterol, total bilirubin, international normalized ratio (INR), alpha-fetoprotein, platelet, creatinine, serum sodium, monocytes, and the incidence rate and grade of hepatic encephalopathy (all P<0.05). In addition, the multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that INR (odds ratio [OR]=11.351, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.942‍ ‍—‍ ‍66.362, P<0.05), monocyte count (OR=23.636, 95%CI: 1.388‍ ‍—‍ ‍402.529, P<0.05), total bilirubin (OR=1.007, 95%CI: 1.001‍ ‍—‍ ‍1.013, P<0.05), and platelet count (OR=0.968, 95%CI: 0.945‍ ‍—‍ ‍0.993, P<0.05) were independent influencing factors for the 90-day prognosis of elderly patients with HBV-ACLF, and the nomogram model constructed based on these factors had a relatively high predictive value, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.915, a sensitivity of 88.0%, and a specificity of 86.7%. The nomogram model showed relatively high efficiency and degree of fitness in the verification set, and the decision curve suggested that the model had good benefits, with a higher prediction efficiency compared with the commonly used prediction models such as MELD score and COSSH-ACLF Ⅱ score.  Conclusion  Elderly HBV-ACLF patients may have a high short-term mortality rate due to the reductions in liver synthesis, reserve function, and regenerative ability and immune dysfunction. INR, monocyte count, total bilirubin, and platelet count have a relatively high value in predicting the risk of death in elderly HBV-ACLF patients, and the nomogram model constructed based on these factors has a relatively high prediction efficiency.

     

  • 乙型肝炎是我国肝硬化的最主要原因,约75%肝硬化患者为乙型肝炎肝硬化1。失代偿期肝硬化的主要特征是肝损伤和门静脉高压,门静脉高压并发症包括腹水、食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、脾功能亢进等,部分患者通过内科治疗门静脉高压并发症的效果较差。经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)在肝静脉和门静脉之间建立分流道,可显著缓解门静脉高压并发症,已在临床广泛应用2。肝性脑病是TIPS术后常见并发症之一,发生率高达25%~50%,其中显性肝性脑病(overt hepatic encephalopathy,OHE)是影响患者预后的重要因素3-4。本文回顾性分析乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后的临床资料,旨在探索乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后发生OHE的预测因素,并构建预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后发生OHE的Nomogram模型,为乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术前识别术后OHE高危患者提供临床参考。

    回顾性收集了2017年1月—2021年12月在西部战区总医院行TIPS治疗的乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者的临床资料。所有患者的诊断符合中国及美国肝硬化诊治指南5-6,所有患者符合中国TIPS指南7-8适应证。所有患者进行乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗。排除标准:(1)除乙型肝炎外其他原因引起的肝硬化;(2)脾切除史;(3)非首次行TIPS手术或支架功能障碍;(4)术前肝功能Child-Pugh评分>13分;(5)门静脉海绵样变或完全门静脉血栓形成;(6)术前肝性脑病、肝肾综合征或肝肺综合征史;(7)既往有肝脏大手术史;(8)严重凝血功能障碍;(9)严重右心衰竭和肺动脉高压;(10)有肝脏肿瘤证据;(11)妊娠或哺乳期;(12)随访<6个月;(13)伴有精神疾病或其他颅脑病变而引起的意识改变。

    1.2.1   术前准备

    患者术前均行常规实验室检查,根据超声多普勒判定胸腹腔积液情况。所有患者接受肝脏增强CT及肝静脉-门静脉血管三维重建,分析肝静脉与门静脉的解剖关系,指导术中穿刺门静脉。

    1.2.2   手术操作

    所有患者的TIPS入路为右侧颈静脉,穿刺系统经上腔静脉、右心房至右肝静脉或肝段下腔静脉,根据患者术前肝脏增强CT和肝静脉-门静脉血管三维重建影像指导门静脉分支穿刺,评估穿刺安全性后行门静脉压力测定,并栓塞引起食管胃静脉曲张的侧支循环血管,8 mm内径球囊扩张穿刺通道后置入8 mm Viatorr支架,再次门静脉造影并测门静脉压力。具体操作参考文献9。所有操作由同一组专业人员成功完成。

    1.2.3   设备和材料

    DSA血管造影设备:AXIOM-Artist DSA系统(德国西门子公司)、Mark Ⅴ型高压注射器;手术材料:RUPS-100穿刺套件、直头多侧孔导管、Opta Pro球囊导管、栓塞弹簧圈、Cobra导管(美国Cook公司)和加硬交换导丝、Viatorr支架(美国GoreandAssociates公司)。

    1.2.4   术后管理及随访

    所有患者TIPS术后均给予口服乳果糖、利福昔明等预防性治疗。术后1、3、6个月随访患者肝性脑病及生存率等情况,此后继续以半年一次的频率进行随访;随访终点为患者发生肝性脑病、肝移植和截止日期(2022年6月)。根据美国肝硬化肝性脑病指南及我国肝硬化肝性脑病诊治指南10-11,将West-Haven分级2~4级定义为OHE。根据随访期内是否发生OHE,分为OHE组和非OHE组。

    采用SPSS 27.0.1软件及开源统计软件R4.3.1(http://www.r-project.org)进行数据分析。计量资料符合正态分布以x¯±s描述,两组间比较采用成组t检验;符合偏态分布以MP25P75)描述,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料两组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后OHE的影响因素;采用独立影响因素构建Nomogram模型;受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)及校准曲线评价模型的区分度及校准度,决策曲线(decision curve analysis,DCA)、临床影响曲线(clinical impact curve,CIC)评估模型的临床有效性,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)的比较采用Z检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    共纳入302例行TIPS治疗的乙型肝炎肝硬化门静脉高压患者,其中男243例(80.5%),女59例(19.5%)。共有65例患者在TIPS术后6个月内出现OHE,发生率为21.5%。患者的一般资料见表1

    表  1  2组患者一般资料比较
    Table  1.  General data of patients
    指标 非OHE组(n=237) OHE组(n=65) 统计值 P
    年龄(岁) 45.00(40.00~53.50) 48.00(45.00~55.50) Z=-2.348 0.019
    性别[例(%)] χ2=1.706 0.220
    187(78.90) 56(86.15)
    50(21.10) 9(13.85)
    WBC/PLT 0.06(0.04~0.09) 0.07(0.05~0.11) Z=-2.614 0.009
    血红蛋白(g/L) 80.00(69.50~97.50) 85.00(68.50~100.50) Z=-0.702 0.483
    INR 1.24(1.13~1.39) 1.33(1.20~1.46) Z=-3.805 <0.001
    前白蛋白(mg/L) 99.60(77.35~135.25) 81.90(57.10~109.75) Z=-3.562 <0.001
    总胆红素(μmmol/L) 25.00(16.69~36.42) 28.90(17.10~37.35) Z=-0.973 0.330
    直接胆红素(μmmol/L) 8.90(6.03~12.97) 9.80(6.00~13.75) Z=-0.662 0.508
    间接胆红素(μmmol/L) 15.70(10.47~22.66) 16.70(10.70~23.50) Z=-0.808 0.419
    谷丙转氨酶(U/L) 27.70(20.15~40.40) 38.60(25.45~55.75) Z=-3.606 <0.001
    谷草转氨酶(U/L) 37.30(31.10~56.15) 49.10(35.60~66.95) Z=-2.927 0.003
    尿素(mmol/L) 5.22(3.94~7.10) 5.40(4.20~7.09) Z=-0.773 0.440
    血清肌酐(μmmol/L) 70.00(55.70~80.40) 65.10(55.35~83.70) Z=-0.649 0.517
    血清钠(mmol/L) 138.30(136.00~140.10) 137.50(135.00~139.80) Z=-1.779 0.075
    甲胎蛋白(ng/mL) 3.81(2.40~16.08) 5.58(2.60~16.08) Z=-1.501 0.133
    MELD评分(分) 7.97(5.39~10.44) 8.89(5.76~11.11) Z=-1.445 0.149
    CTP评分(分) 6(5~7) 7(6~8) Z=-3.150 0.002
    MELD-Na评分(分) 9.50(5.76~12.60) 12.01(7.19~14.71) Z=-2.327 0.020
    ALBI评分(分) -0.76±0.60 -0.46±0.62 t=-3.627 <0.001
    腹水[例(%)] χ2=4.481 0.044
    无或少量 151(63.71) 32(49.23)
    中或大量 86(36.29) 33(50.77)
    胸水[例(%)] χ2=0.123 0.847
    200(84.39) 56(86.15)
    37(15.61) 9(13.85)
    急诊手术[例(%)] χ2=0.030 0.851
    199(83.97) 54(83.08)
    38(16.03) 11(16.92)
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    对一般资料中OHE组及无OHE组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.1)的指标进行单因素Logistic 回归模型分析,结果显示:年龄、INR、前白蛋白、血清钠、WBC/PLT、CTP评分、ALBI评分、MELD-Na评分、合并腹水与TIPS术后OHE的发生显著相关(P值均<0.05)(表2)。将年龄、INR、前白蛋白、血清钠、WBC/PLT、合并腹水纳入多因素Logistic回归模型,结果显示:年龄、INR、前白蛋白及WBC/PLT是TIPS术后发生OHE的独立影响因素(P值均<0.05)(表3)。

    表  2  单因素Logistic 回归分析
    Table  2.  Univariate logistic regression analyses
    指标 B SE Wald OR(95%CI P
    年龄(岁) 0.028 0.014 4.087 1.029(1.001~1.057) 0.043
    WBC/PLT 4.411 1.707 6.674 82.313(2.899~2 336.962) 0.010
    INR 2.242 0.708 10.019 9.410(2.348~37.712) 0.002
    前白蛋白(mg/L) -0.013 0.004 12.188 0.987(0.979~0.994) <0.001
    谷丙转氨酶(U/L) 0.003 0.002 1.869 1.003(0.999~1.008) 0.172
    谷草转氨酶(U/L) 0.004 0.003 2.129 1.004(0.999~1.010) 0.145
    血清钠(mmol/L) -0.084 0.037 5.190 0.919(0.855~0.988) 0.023
    腹水 0.594 0.282 4.417 1.811(1.041~3.150) 0.036
    CTP评分(分) 0.273 0.082 11.140 1.314(1.119~1.542) <0.001
    MELD-Na评分(分) 0.069 0.028 6.110 1.071(1.014~1.131) 0.013
    ALBI评分(分) 0.852 0.245 12.075 2.343(1.450~3.788) <0.001
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    表  3  多因素Logistic 回归分析
    Table  3.  Multivariate logistic regression analyses
    指标 B SE Wald OR(95%CI P
    年龄(岁) 0.034 0.015 4.881 1.035(1.004~1.066) 0.027
    WBC/PLT 3.518 1.694 4.315 33.725(1.220~932.377) 0.038
    INR 1.639 0.810 4.090 5.149(1.052~25.207) 0.043
    前白蛋白(mg/L) -0.008 0.004 3.893 0.992(0.983~1.000) 0.048
    血清钠(mmol/L) -0.054 0.040 1.806 0.947(0.876~1.025) 0.179
    腹水(中或大量) 0.160 0.319 0.251 1.173(0.628~2.194) 0.616
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    根据多因素Logistic回归结果,纳入年龄、INR、前白蛋白及WBC/PLT建立Nomogram模型(图1)。第2~5根刻度线为四项独立影响因素的可视化表达,其数值可对应Points刻度线上的评分,所有指标的Points相加之和可在Total Points刻度线上找到,从而对应乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后OHE发生概率的预测值(Risk)。

    图  1  Nomogram模型
    Figure  1.  The Nomogram model
    2.4.1   区分度

    该Nomogram模型的AUC为0.716(95%CI:0.649~0.781),cut-off值为0.190,敏感度为78.5%,特异度为56.1%(表4)。CTP评分模型的AUC为0.626(95%CI:0.548~0.703),ALBI评分模型的AUC为0.633(95%CI:0.556~0.710),MELD-Na评分模型的AUC为0.594(95%CI:0.513~0.675)。Nomogram模型的AUC大于其他模型(P值均<0.05),且>0.7,说明该模型区分能力较好(图2)。

    表  4  Nomogram模型、CTP评分、ALBI评分及MELD-Na评分对TIPS术后OHE的预测价值
    Table  4.  The predictive value of Nomogram model, CTP, ALBI and MELD-Na scores for OHE occurrence after TIPS
    指标 AUC OR(95%CI cut-off 特异度(%) 敏感度(%) 约登指数 P
    Nomogram模型 0.716 0.649~0.781 0.190 56.1 78.5 0.346 <0.001
    CTP评分 0.626 0.548~0.703 7.500 78.5 43.1 0.216 0.002
    ALBI评分 0.633 0.556~0.710 -0.575 62.9 60.0 0.229 0.001
    MELD-Na评分 0.594 0.513~0.675 11.955 69.6 52.3 0.219 0.020
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格
    图  2  Nomogram模型、CTP评分、ALBI评分及MELD-Na评分的ROC曲线
    Figure  2.  The ROC curves of Nomogram model, CTP, ALBI and MELD-Na scores
    2.4.2   校准度

    校准曲线显示本研究构建的Nomogram模型具有较好的预测价值,预测曲线与理想曲线的分布较为一致(平均绝对误差为0.02,图3)。

    图  3  Nomogram模型的校准曲线
    Figure  3.  The calibration curve of Nomogram model
    2.4.3   临床效用

    利用DCA评估本研究Nomogram模型临床效用。结果显示,阈概率在10%~60%内,该Nomogram模型净收益高于两种极端情况(图4)。在CIC中也展示了相似的结果(图5),预测模型具有较高的临床价值。

    图  4  Nomogram模型的DCA
    Figure  4.  The DCA curve of Nomogram model
    图  5  Nomogram模型的CIC
    Figure  5.  The CIC curve of Nomogram model

    TIPS手术的问世极大地改善了肝硬化失代偿期患者的预后,但TIPS术后出现的肝性脑病对患者预后有着不良影响。最新的法国肝性脑病指南12指出,首次发作的OHE与肝硬化患者的病死率有密切联系。但TIPS术后肝性脑病并非无法预防,最新的北美TIPS指南13指出:TIPS术前使用利福昔明的患者术后首次肝性脑病发生率明显降低。因此TIPS术前识别术后高危OHE患者,且在必要时对此类患者进行预防性肝性脑病治疗是极为重要的。临床上经常使用的肝病评分如CTP评分、MELD评分、MELD-Na评分及ALBI评分等,都不是针对TIPS术后肝性脑病的预测评分模型。既往有研究14构建了肝硬化TIPS术后早期肝性脑病的Nomogram模型,但该研究中患者未采用TIPS专用支架(Viatorr)建立分流道。2015年11月TIPS专用支架进入国内并逐渐广泛应用于临床,因此纳入使用专用支架人群并构建新且简易的预测模型尤为重要。

    目前学界普遍认为术前肝性脑病病史、CTP分级、高龄、高肌酐、低钠血症、肌少症等与TIPS术后肝性脑病发生显著相关2。在本研究中通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、INR、前白蛋白及WBC/PLT是TIPS术后OHE发生的独立影响因素。血清前白蛋白是一种由肝脏合成的半衰期较短(1.9天)的急性期反应蛋白,其不受外源性输注白蛋白的影响,能够敏感反映肝脏合成功能变化15,同时也被广泛用于监测和评估患者营养状态。65%~90%的肝硬化失代偿期患者有不同程度的营养不良,其中大多数会出现骨骼肌萎缩或肌肉减少症16,研究16显示,肌少症与TIPS术后肝性脑病发生密切相关,这可能和肌肉参与氨代谢和运输有关。另外,肝硬化患者的肝脏伴有葡萄糖合成、储存及分解障碍,低前白蛋白减少,机体处于负氮平衡状态,进一步使糖原分解向糖异生转化,导致氨的产生增加17,肝性脑病发生可能性增高。因此,从肝功能及机体营养状态两方面来看,前白蛋白是预测TIPS术后OHE发生的可靠指标。既往研究18显示,血清前白蛋白水平与乙型肝炎肝硬化失代偿期患者HE的发生独立相关(P=0.014),与本研究结果相似。

    2018年《肝硬化肝性脑病诊疗指南》10中提出,升高的血氨与机体炎症相互作用形成恶性循环,氨及其他炎性细胞因子通过被炎症破坏的血脑屏障进入脑组织,从而诱发肝性脑病。TIPS术后初期,炎症介质通过人工分流道避开肝脏灭活作用直接进入体循环,术中对肝脏实质的创伤也激活了炎症反应,可能使TIPS术后OHE发生风险增加。血常规中白细胞常被用于评估炎症,而血小板被认为是免疫系统的调节及效应细胞,通过直接与微生物相互作用或间接支持抗体依赖性细胞对病原体的细胞毒性作用来参与炎症反应19。血小板减少与炎症有着密不可分的关系,同时,肝脏促血小板生成素生成减少20、HBV抑制骨髓血小板生成21及肝硬化脾功能亢进导致的血小板破坏增多也是血小板减少的原因。白细胞和血小板在炎症反应中相互作用,且都可以从方便获取、价格低廉的血常规中直接获得,因此本研究选择WBC/PLT比值作为一项重要研究指标,发现WBC/PLT比值是乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后肝性脑病发生的独立预测因素。目前国内外鲜有相关研究。

    最新的北美TIPS指南13指出:TIPS术前使用利福昔明的患者术后首次肝性脑病发生率明显降低。因此筛查乙型肝炎肝硬化TIPS术后高危OHE患者,对患者进行个体化评估、管理及治疗对改善其预后具有重要临床意义。TIPS术前肝性脑病病史是术后肝性脑病发生的重要独立预测因素之一,但在临床工作中,很多术前有隐性肝性脑病病史的患者容易被忽略。因此,本研究基于年龄、INR、前白蛋白及WBC/PLT比值构建列线图,该列线图区分度及校准度良好,效能优于CTP评分、MELD-Na评分、ALBI评分,DCA决策曲线提示阈概率为10%~60%,该Nomogram模型净收益高于两种极端情况。在CIC中也展示了相似的结果,说明该预测模型具有较高的临床价值。利用该列线图模型对所有即将进行TIPS手术的乙型肝炎肝硬化患者进行评估,对术后OHE高危风险的患者做好围手术期工作:术前可使用利福昔明对患者进行预防性治疗、纠正患者肝功能及营养状态并控制感染;术后提醒患者和家属及时发现可能出现的肝性脑病、纠正生化指标、谨慎使用夜间镇静及质子泵抑制剂、使用乳果糖以保证每天排便两次、及时控制突发感染等,防止OHE给患者带来的不良后果。

    本研究结果显示,血清钠及血清肌酐不是乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后肝性脑病的独立预测因素,与既往研究不相符,前者可能与患者入院后临床医生对低钠血症进行了外源性补充纠正有关,后者可能由于本研究为单中心回顾性临床研究,结果可能出现一定偏移。除此之外,本研究还存在一些其他的局限性:首先,本研究主要针对乙型肝炎肝硬化行TIPS手术患者,结果不适用于其他病因肝硬化人群;其次,本研究主要研究对象为TIPS术后OHE患者,隐匿性肝性脑病患者在临床上无法准确识别,因此未纳入研究,本研究结果不适用于隐匿性肝性脑病患者;本研究预测模型校准曲线在预测概率>0.6时,预测曲线偏离理想曲线。因此,未来还需要更大样本、多中心、前瞻性研究来优化模型。

    综上所述,TIPS手术可以有效治疗肝硬化门静脉高压并发症,但TIPS术后常容易并发OHE,对患者预后及生活质量造成不良影响。因此TIPS术前评估乙型肝炎肝硬化患者术后OHE风险并在围手术期做出个体化管理具有重要意义。本研究基于年龄、INR、前白蛋白及WBC/PLT构建乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后OHE可视化预测模型,该模型具有优秀的区分度、校准度及临床有效性,有助于临床医师简单可行地评估乙型肝炎肝硬化患者TIPS术后OHE发生的可能性,通过术前预防性治疗及术后早期发现并及时干预OHE患者,改善患者预后及生活质量、减少患者住院风险、减轻患者经济负担。

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