Research advances in local treatment and systemic therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Yang LIU; Xiangde SHI; Mingqi LIU; Chao LIU

doi:10.12449/JCH251203

Volume 41 Issue 12

Dec. 2025

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Journal of Clinical Hepatology > 2025 > 41(12): 2453-2461

PDF( 762 KB)

Research advances in local treatment and systemic therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

DOI: 10.12449/JCH251203

Yang LIU¹,
Xiangde SHI²,
Mingqi LIU²,
Chao LIU^{2
,
,
,}

1.
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery，The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University，Guiyang 550000，China
2.
Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery，Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital，Sun Yat-sen University，Guangzhou 510000，China

Research funding:

Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou (2024A04J4776);

Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Clinical Research 5010 Program,Sun Yat-sen University (2018008);

Major Clinical Technology Program of Guangzhou Municipal Health Commission (2023P-ZD17)

More Information

Corresponding author: LIU Chao， liuchao3@mail.sysu.edu.cn （ORCID： 0000-0001-6659-4372）
Received Date: 2025-10-27
Accepted Date: 2025-11-20
Published Date: 2025-12-25

Abstract

Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma （iCCA） is a highly aggressive malignant tumor with poor prognosis， and its incidence rate is gradually increasing in recent years. This article reviews the main local treatment methods for iCCA and the advances in related systemic therapies， with a focus on the current status of research on local treatment combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy， highlighting their advantages in improving objective response rate and prolonging progression-free survival and overall survival. This article points out that immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has become the first-line standard treatment for unresectable iCCA， while the regimen of local treatment combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy has shown promising potential in clinical translation and sustained efficacy in early-phase studies. The authors believe that in the future， multicenter prospective studies are needed to verify the efficacy and safety of the above treatment regimen， determine the optimal combined treatment regimen， and define suitable patient populations， in order to provide new ideas for the comprehensive treatment of iCCA.
- IntrahepaticCholangiocarcinoma,
- Local Treatment,
- Systemic Therapy

FullText(HTML)

References(82)

References

[1]	SIEGEL RL, MILLER KD, FUCHS HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022[J]. CA A Cancer J Clin, 2022, 72( 1): 7- 33. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21708.
[2]	BEAL EW, TUMIN D, MORIS D, et al. Cohort contributions to trends in the incidence and mortality of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr, 2018, 7( 4): 270- 276. DOI: 10.21037/hbsn.2018.03.16.
[3]	SAHA SK, ZHU AX, FUCHS CS, et al. Forty-year trends in cholangiocarcinoma incidence in the U.S.: Intrahepatic disease on the rise[J]. Oncologist, 2016, 21( 5): 594- 599. DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0446.
[4]	FLORIO AA, FERLAY J, ZNAOR A, et al. Global trends in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma incidence from 1993 to 2012[J]. Cancer, 2020, 126( 11): 2666- 2678. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32803.
[5]	ENDO I, GONEN M, YOPP AC, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Rising frequency, improved survival, and determinants of outcome after resection[J]. Ann Surg, 2008, 248( 1): 84- 96. DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318176c4d3.
[6]	EL-DIWANY R, PAWLIK TM, EJAZ A. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2019, 28( 4): 587- 599. DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.06.002.
[7]	MORIS D, PALTA M, KIM C, et al. Advances in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: An overview of the current and future therapeutic landscape for clinicians[J]. CA A Cancer J Clin, 2023, 73( 2): 198- 222. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21759.
[8]	BENSON AB, D’ANGELICA MI, ABRAMS T, et al. NCCN Guidelines^® Insights: Biliary tract cancers, version 2.2023[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2023, 21( 7): 694- 704. 10.6004/jnccn.2023.0035. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2023.0035
[9]	YUAN P, SONG JH, WANG F, et al. Combination of TACE and Lenvatinib as a promising option for downstaging to surgery of initially unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Investig New Drugs, 2022, 40( 5): 1125- 1132. DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01257-z.
[10]	YANG XG, SUN YY, LI DS, et al. Efficacy and safety of drug-eluting beads transarterial chemoembolization combining immune checkpoint inhibitors in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis[J]. Front Immunol, 2022, 13: 940009. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940009.
[11]	GEORGIADES CS, HONG K, GESCHWIND JF. Radiofrequency ablation and chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancer J, 2008, 14( 2): 117- 122. DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31816a0fac.
[12]	KIEFER MV, ALBERT M, MCNALLY M, et al. Chemoembolization of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with cisplatinum, doxorubicin, mitomycin C, ethiodol, and polyvinyl alcohol: A 2-center study[J]. Cancer, 2011, 117( 7): 1498- 1505. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25625.
[13]	KIM JH, YOON HK, SUNG KB, et al. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization or chemoinfusion for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Clinical efficacy and factors influencing outcomes[J]. Cancer, 2008, 113( 7): 1614- 1622. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23787.
[14]	VOGL TJ, NAGUIB NNN, NOUR-ELDIN NA, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization in the treatment of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: Results and prognostic factors governing treatment success[J]. Int J Cancer, 2012, 131( 3): 733- 740. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26407.
[15]	PARK SY, KIM JH, YOON HJ, et al. Transarterial chemoembolization versus supportive therapy in the palliative treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Clin Radiol, 2011, 66( 4): 322- 328. DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2010.11.002.
[16]	AYYUB J, DABHI KN, GOHIL NV, et al. Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of conventional transarterial chemoembolization(cTACE) and drug-eluting bead(DEB)-TACE in the management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review[J]. Cureus, 2023, 15( 7): e41943. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41943.
[17]	TANG JJ, HUANG ZL, XU JC, et al. Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization(TACE) exhibits superior efficacy and equal tolerance to conventional TACE in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with conventional TACE history[J]. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol, 2022, 46( 3): 101814. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2021.101814.
[18]	KUHLMANN JB, EURINGER W, SPANGENBERG HC, et al. Treatment of unresectable cholangiocarcinoma: Conventional transarterial chemoembolization compared with drug eluting bead-transarterial chemoembolization and systemic chemotherapy[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 24( 4): 437- 443. DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3283502241.
[19]	WANG JX, XUE YQ, LIU R, et al. DEB-TACE with irinotecan versus C-TACE for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A prospective clinical study[J]. Front Bioeng Biotechnol, 2023, 10: 1112500. DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1112500.
[20]	SCHARTZ DA, PORTER M, SCHARTZ E, et al. Transarterial yttrium-90 radioembolization for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2022, 33( 6): 679- 686. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.02.016.
[21]	EDELINE J, LAMARCA A, MCNAMARA MG, et al. Locoregional therapies in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A systematic review and pooled analysis[J]. Cancer Treat Rev, 2021, 99: 102258. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102258.
[22]	BOEHM LM, JAYAKRISHNAN TT, MIURA JT, et al. Comparative effectiveness of hepatic artery based therapies for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: hepatic artery therapy for unresectable ICC[J]. J Surg Oncol, 2015, 111( 2): 213- 220. DOI: 10.1002/jso.23781.
[23]	KEMENY NE, SCHWARTZ L, GÖNEN M, et al. Treating primary liver cancer with hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine and dexamethasone: Does the addition of systemic bevacizumab improve results[J]. Oncology, 2011, 80( 3-4): 153- 159. DOI: 10.1159/000324704.
[24]	CERCEK A, BOERNER T, TAN BR, et al. Assessment of hepatic arterial infusion of floxuridine in combination with systemic gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A phase 2 clinical trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6( 1): 60. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.3718.
[25]	JARNAGIN WR, SCHWARTZ LH, GULTEKIN DH, et al. Regional chemotherapy for unresectable primary liver cancer: Results of a phase II clinical trial and assessment of DCE-MRI as a biomarker of survival[J]. Ann Oncol, 2009, 20( 9): 1589- 1595. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdp029.
[26]	JOLISSAINT JS, SOARES KC, SEIER KP, et al. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastasis: Treatment-related outcomes and the role of tumor genomics in patient selection[J]. Clin Cancer Res, 2021, 27( 14): 4101- 4108. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-0412.
[27]	CHIOU YY, HWANG JI, CHOU YH, et al. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. The Kaohsiung J Med Scie, 2005, 21( 7): 304- 309. DOI: 10.1016/s1607-551x(09)70125-1.
[28]	MORIZANE C, OKUSAKA T, MIZUSAWA J, et al. Combination gemcitabine plus S-1 versus gemcitabine plus cisplatin for advanced/recurrent biliary tract cancer: The FUGA-BT(JCOG1113) randomized phase III clinical trial[J]. Ann Oncol, 2019, 30( 12): 1950- 1958. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz402.
[29]	IOKA T, KANAI M, KOBAYASHI S, et al. Randomized phase III study of gemcitabine, cisplatin plus S-1 versus gemcitabine, cisplatin for advanced biliary tract cancer(KHBO1401- MITSUBA)[J]. J Hepato Biliary Pancreat, 2023, 30( 1): 102- 110. DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.1219.
[30]	SHROFF RT, KING G, COLBY S, et al. SWOG S1815: A phase III randomized trial of gemcitabine, cisplatin, and nab-paclitaxel versus gemcitabine and cisplatin in newly diagnosed, advanced biliary tract cancers[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2025, 43( 5): 536- 544. DOI: 10.1200/jco-24-01383.
[31]	PHELIP JM, DESRAME J, EDELINE J, et al. Modified FOLFIRINOX versus CISGEM chemotherapy for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer(PRODIGE 38 AMEBICA): A randomized phase II study[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40( 3): 262- 271. DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.00679.
[32]	AITCHESON G, MAHIPAL A, JOHN BV. Targeting FGFR in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[iCCA]: Leading the way for precision medicine in biliary tract cancer[BTC]?[J]. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 2021, 30( 4): 463- 477. DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1900821.
[33]	KENDRE G, MURUGESAN K, BRUMMER T, et al. Charting co-mutation patterns associated with actionable drivers in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2023, 78( 3): 614- 626. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.11.030.
[34]	BABINA IS, TURNER NC. Advances and challenges in targeting FGFR signalling in cancer[J]. Nat Rev Cancer, 2017, 17( 5): 318- 332. DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.8.
[35]	ABOU-ALFA GK, SAHAI V, HOLLEBECQUE A, et al. Pemigatinib for previously treated, locally advanced or metastatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21( 5): 671- 684. DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30109-1.
[36]	VOGEL A, SAHAI V, HOLLEBECQUE A, et al. An open-label study of pemigatinib in cholangiocarcinoma: Final results from FIGHT-202[J]. ESMO Open, 2024, 9( 6): 103488. DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2024.103488.
[37]	RIZZO A, RICCI AD, BRANDI G. IDH inhibitors in advanced cholangiocarcinoma: Another arrow in the quiver?[J]. Cancer Treat Res Commun, 2021, 27: 100356. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100356.
[38]	LIN JZ, CAO YH, YANG X, et al. Mutational spectrum and precision oncology for biliary tract carcinoma[J]. Theranostics, 2021, 11( 10): 4585- 4598. DOI: 10.7150/thno.56539.
[39]	LAVACCHI D, CALIMAN E, ROSSI G, et al. Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutated cholangiocarcinoma: Clinical evaluation and future directions[J]. Pharmacol Ther, 2022, 237: 108170. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108170.
[40]	ABOU-ALFA GK, MACARULLA T, JAVLE MM, et al. Ivosidenib in IDH1-mutant, chemotherapy-refractory cholangiocarcinoma(ClarIDHy): A multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2020, 21( 6): 796- 807. DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30157-1.
[41]	ZHU AX, MACARULLA T, JAVLE MM, et al. Final overall survival efficacy results of ivosidenib for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma with IDH1 mutation: The phase 3 randomized clinical ClarIDHy trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2021, 7( 11): 1669. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.3836.
[42]	GALDY S, LAMARCA A, MCNAMARA MG, et al. HER2/HER3 pathway in biliary tract malignancies; systematic review and meta-analysis: A potential therapeutic target?[J]. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 2017, 36( 1): 141- 157. DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9645-x.
[43]	PU XH, LI L, XU F, et al. HER2 amplification subtype intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma exhibits high mutation burden and T cell exhaustion microenvironment[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2024, 150( 8): 403. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05894-0.
[44]	JAVLE M, BORAD MJ, AZAD NS, et al. Pertuzumab and trastuzumab for HER2-positive, metastatic biliary tract cancer(MyPathway): A multicentre, open-label, phase 2a, multiple basket study[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2021, 22( 9): 1290- 1300. DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00336-3.
[45]	KUDO M, FINN RS, QIN SK, et al. Lenvatinib versus sorafenib in first-line treatment of patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A randomised phase 3 non-inferiority trial[J]. Lancet, 2018, 391( 10126): 1163- 1173. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30207-1.
[46]	ZHAO Y, ZHANG YN, WANG KT, et al. Lenvatinib for hepatocellular carcinoma: From preclinical mechanisms to anti-cancer therapy[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA Rev Cancer, 2020, 1874( 1): 188391. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188391.
[47]	SCHLUMBERGER M, TAHARA M, WIRTH LJ, et al. Lenvatinib versus placebo in radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372( 7): 621- 630. DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1406470.
[48]	UENO M, IKEDA M, SASAKI T, et al. Phase 2 study of lenvatinib monotherapy as second-line treatment in unresectable biliary tract cancer: Primary analysis results[J]. BMC Cancer, 2020, 20( 1): 1105. DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07365-4.
[49]	SHI GM, HUANG XY, WU D, et al. Toripalimab combined with lenvatinib and GEMOX is a promising regimen as first-line treatment for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A single-center, single-arm, phase 2 study[J]. Sig Transduct Target Ther, 2023, 8: 106. DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01317-7.
[50]	PIHA-PAUL SA, OH DY, UENO M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab for the treatment of advanced biliary cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-158 and KEYNOTE-028 studies[J]. Int J Cancer, 2020, 147( 8): 2190- 2198. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33013.
[51]	KIM RD, CHUNG V, ALESE OB, et al. A phase 2 multi-institutional study of nivolumab for patients with advanced refractory biliary tract cancer[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6( 6): 888. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.0930.
[52]	MELERO I, YAU T, KANG YK, et al. Nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma previously treated with sorafenib: 5-year results from CheckMate 040[J]. Ann Oncol, 2024, 35( 6): 537- 548. DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.03.005.
[53]	KLEIN O, KEE D, NAGRIAL A, et al. Evaluation of combination nivolumab and ipilimumab immunotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancers: Subgroup analysis of a phase 2 nonrandomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2020, 6( 9): 1405. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2814.
[54]	SAHAI V, GRIFFITH KA, BEG MS, et al. A randomized phase 2 trial of nivolumab, gemcitabine, and cisplatin or nivolumab and ipilimumab in previously untreated advanced biliary cancer: BilT-01[J]. Cancer, 2022, 128( 19): 3523- 3530. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34394.
[55]	OH DY, RUTH HE A, QIN SK, et al. Durvalumab plus gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer[J]. NEJM Evid, 2022, 1( 8): EVIDoa2200015. DOI: 10.1056/evidoa2200015.
[56]	KELLEY R K, UENO M, YOO C, et al. Pembrolizumab in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin compared with gemcitabine and cisplatin alone for patients with advanced biliary tract cancer(KEYNOTE-966): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet, 2023, 401( 10391): 1853- 1865. DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00727-4.
[57]	ZHONG BY, FAN WZ, GUAN JJ, et al. Combination locoregional and systemic therapies in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2025, 10( 4): 369- 386. DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(24)00247-4.
[58]	KIM DH. Combination of interventional oncology local therapies and immunotherapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Liver Cancer, 2022, 22( 2): 93- 102. DOI: 10.17998/jlc.2022.03.28.
[59]	PINATO DJ, MURRAY SM, FORNER A, et al. Trans-arterial chemoembolization as a loco-regional inducer of immunogenic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications for immunotherapy[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9( 9): e003311. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003311.
[60]	TAKAKI H, IMAI N, CONTESSA TT, et al. Peripheral blood regulatory T-cell and type 1 helper T-cell population decrease after hepatic artery embolization[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2016, 27( 10): 1561- 1568. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2016.01.150.
[61]	HICKEY RM, KULIK LM, NIMEIRI H, et al. Immuno-oncology and its opportunities for interventional radiologists: Immune checkpoint inhibition and potential synergies with interventional oncology procedures[J]. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2017, 28( 11): 1487- 1494. DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.07.018.
[62]	LIU WM, FOWLER DW, SMITH P, et al. Pre-treatment with chemotherapy can enhance the antigenicity and immunogenicity of tumours by promoting adaptive immune responses[J]. Br J Cancer, 2010, 102( 1): 115- 123. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605465.
[63]	MEI ZB, GAO XX, PAN CX, et al. Lenvatinib enhances antitumor immunity by promoting the infiltration of TCF1⁺CD8⁺ T cells in HCC via blocking VEGFR2[J]. Cancer Sci, 2023, 114( 4): 1284- 1296. DOI: 10.1111/cas.15719.
[64]	TORRENS L, MONTIRONI C, PUIGVEHÍ M, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of lenvatinib plus anti-programmed cell death protein 1 in mice and rationale for patient enrichment in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2021, 74( 5): 2652- 2669. DOI: 10.1002/hep.32023.
[65]	YAMAUCHI M, ONO A, AMIOKA K, et al. Lenvatinib activates anti-tumor immunity by suppressing immunoinhibitory infiltrates in the tumor microenvironment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Commun Med, 2023, 3: 152. DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00390-x.
[66]	YANG JY, GUO ZX, SONG MJ, et al. Lenvatinib improves anti-PD-1 therapeutic efficacy by promoting vascular normalization via the NRP-1-PDGFRβ complex in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1212577. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1212577.
[67]	LIN YS, LI S, YANG X, et al. First-line hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib and PD-(L)₁ inhibitors versus systemic chemotherapy alone or with PD-(L)₁ inhibitors in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2024, 150( 6): 309. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05795-2.
[68]	XU QY, WANG CD, YOU R, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy(HAIC) plus Lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitors versus systemic chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Discov Oncol, 2025, 16( 1): 775. DOI: 10.1007/s12672-025-02397-3.
[69]	ZHENG ZK, WANG JL, WU TQ, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus targeted therapy and immunotherapy versus systemic chemotherapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective cohort study[J]. Int J Surg, 2025, 111( 1): 1552- 1557. DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000002013.
[70]	HUANG YX, DU ZF, KAN AN, et al. Clinical and biomarker analyses of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib and PD-1 inhibitor for patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1260191. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1260191.
[71]	ZHAO RC, ZHOU J, MIAO ZX, et al. Efficacy and safety of lenvatinib plus durvalumab combined with hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Front Immunol, 2024, 15: 1397827. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1397827.
[72]	ZHANG N, YU BR, WANG YX, et al. Clinical outcomes of hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. J Dig Dis, 2022, 23( 8-9): 535- 545. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13127.
[73]	LI KS, ZHANG TZ, GAO Q, et al. HAIC plus TAE combined with tislelizumab and surufatinib in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: The REACH-01 trial[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2025, 43( 16_suppl): 4087. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2025.43.16_suppl.4087.
[74]	CAI YX, WEN W, XIA YS, et al. The efficacy and safety of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy combined with lenvatinib and programmed death(PD)-1 inhibitors for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A retrospective study[J]. Curr Oncol, 2025, 32( 2): 87. DOI: 10.3390/curroncol32020087.
[75]	WEI ZQ, WANG YJ, WU BY, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy plus lenvatinib with or without programmed cell death protein-1 inhibitors for advanced cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Front Immunol, 2023, 14: 1235724. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1235724.
[76]	LI SF, YU GH, WANG MM, et al. Local-regional therapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors and lenvatinib versus immune checkpoint inhibitors plus chemotherapy in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicenter cohort study[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2025, 74( 8): 271. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-025-04129-6.
[77]	SONG SL, LIU YM, REN YQ, et al. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy combined with toripalimab and surufatinib for the treatment of advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2025, 31( 2): 145- 151. DOI: 10.4274/dir.2024.242673.
[78]	LIN ZP, ZOU XG, HU XL, et al. Efficacy analysis of HAIC combined with lenvatinib plus PD-1 inhibitor vs. first-line systemic chemotherapy for advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Sci Rep, 2024, 14: 23961. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-75102-z.
[79]	HU Y, JIANG XY, CAI X, et al. Efficacy and safety of arterial FOLFOX chemotherapy plus anti-PD-(L)₁ immunotherapy as a first-line treatment for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A propensity score matching analysis[J]. J Gastrointest Oncol, 2025, 16( 1): 209- 225. DOI: 10.21037/jgo-24-552.
[80]	LI SF, YU GH, WANG MM, et al. Efficacy and safety of local–regional therapy combined with chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors and lenvatinib as first-line treatment in advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicenter retrospective cohort study[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2025, 74( 7): 229. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-025-04085-1.
[81]	LIU S, WANG QD, YIN SH, et al. Efficacy analysis of drug-eluting beads transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combining systemic chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors in unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A multicenter retrospective cohort study based on propensity score matching[J]. World J Surg Oncol, 2025, 23( 1): 21. DOI: 10.1186/s12957-025-03679-4.
[82]	HUANG JT, HU D, HONG X, et al. Effectiveness and safety of transarterial chemoembolization combined with PD-1 inhibitors and lenvatinib for unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma[J]. Eur Radiol Exp, 2025, 9( 1): 21. DOI: 10.1186/s41747-025-00563-4.

Relative Articles

Supplements(0)

Cited By

Proportional views

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

Tables(1)

Get Citation

PDF

XML

Article Metrics

Article views (59) PDF downloads(31)

Research advances in local treatment and systemic therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

DOI: 10.12449/JCH251203

Abstract

References

Proportional views

Catalog

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics

Proportional views

Related

Research advances in local treatment and systemic therapy for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

DOI: 10.12449/JCH251203

Abstract

References

Proportional views

Catalog

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Article Metrics

Proportional views

Related

About Journal

Submission Guideline

Journal Online

Hepatobiliary College

Guidelines

Export File

Citation

Format

Content