| [1] |
Sarin S K, Choudhury A, Kumar A, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical management[J]. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2026, 23( 5): 411- 431. DOI: 10.1038/s41575-025-01159-4.
|
| [2] |
Chen T, Yang Z Y, Choudhury A K, et al. Complications constitute a major risk factor for mortality in hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patients: A multi-national study from the Asia-Pacific region[J]. Hepatol Int, 2019, 13( 6): 695- 705. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09992-x.
|
| [3] |
Zaccherini G, Weiss E, Moreau R. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Definitions, pathophysiology and principles of treatment[J]. JHEP Rep, 2021, 3( 1): 100176. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100176.
|
| [4] |
Lin S L, Wang X M, Xu Z X, et al. Construction of a prediction model for hepatic encephalopathy in acute-on-chronic liver failure patients[J]. Ann Med, 2024, 56( 1): 2410403. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2410403.
|
| [5] |
Chen Keng, Li Pinghong, Li Yanling, et al. The clinical features and prognostic determinates of patients with hepatitis B related acute-on-chronic liver failure complicated with hepatic encephalopathy[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2023, 28( 5): 568- 571, 580. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2023.05.018.
陈铿, 李平红, 李艳玲, 等. 乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭合并肝性脑病患者临床特点及预后影响因素分析[J]. 肝脏, 2023, 28( 5): 568- 571, 580. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-1704.2023.05.018.
|
| [6] |
Mishra A K, Dhiman R K. Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: Therapies and developments[J]. Metab Brain Dis, 2025, 40( 5): 198. DOI: 10.1007/s11011-025-01598-7.
|
| [7] |
Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Chinese guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis(2024)[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2024, 32( 9): 799- 812. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240630-00309.
中华医学会肝病学分会. 肝硬化肝性脑病诊疗指南(2024年版)[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2024, 32( 9): 799- 812. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240630-00309.
|
| [8] |
Gluud L L, Vilstrup H, Morgan M Y. Non-absorbable disaccharides versus placebo/no intervention and lactulose versus lactitol for the prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 2016( 5): CD003044. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003044.pub4.
|
| [9] |
Kibble H, Shawcross D L. The assessment and management of cirrhotic patients with encephalopathy[J]. United European Gastroenterol J, 2024, 12( 2): 187- 193. DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12530.
|
| [10] |
Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Severe Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guideline for diagnosis and treatment of liver failure(2024version)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40( 12): 2371- 2387. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241206.
中华医学会感染病学分会肝衰竭与人工肝学组, 中华医学会肝病学分会重型肝病与人工肝学组. 肝衰竭诊治指南(2024年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2024, 40( 12): 2371- 2387. DOI: 10.12449/JCH241206.
|
| [11] |
Sarin S K, Choudhury A, Sharma M K, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: Consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver(APASL): An update[J]. Hepatol Int, 2019, 13( 4): 353- 390. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-019-09946-3.
|
| [12] |
European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy[J]. J Hepatol, 2022, 77( 3): 807- 824. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.06.001.
|
| [13] |
Vidal-Cevallos P, Chávez-Tapia N C, Uribe M. Current approaches to hepatic encephalopathy[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2022, 27( 6): 100757. DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2022.100757.
|
| [14] |
Xu X Y, Ding H G, Li W G, et al. Chinese guidelines on the management of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis(2024)[J]. J Clin Transl Hepatol, 2025, 13( 3): 253- 267. DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2024.00484.
|
| [15] |
Premkumar M, Saxena P, Rangegowda D, et al. Coagulation failure is associated with bleeding events and clinical outcome during systemic inflammatory response and sepsis in acute-on-chronic liver failure: An observational cohort study[J]. Liver Int, 2019, 39( 4): 694- 704. DOI: 10.1111/liv.14034.
|
| [16] |
Sharma S, Agarwal S, Saraya A, et al. Acute variceal bleeding portends poor outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure: A propensity score matched study from the APASL ACLF Research Consortium(AARC)[J]. Hepatol Int, 2022, 16( 5): 1234- 1243. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-022-10372-1.
|
| [17] |
Li Xue, Zhang Liang, Wang Xiao, et al. Research progress of coagulation function monitoring in the diagnosis and treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2023, 28( 2): 247- 249. DOI: 10.14000/j.cnki.issn.1008-1704.2023.02.016.
李雪, 张亮, 王枭, 等. 凝血功能监测在慢加急性肝衰竭诊治中的相关研究进展[J]. 肝脏, 2023, 28( 2): 247- 249. DOI: 10.14000/j.cnki.issn.1008-1704.2023.02.016.
|
| [18] |
National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases; Society of Hepatology, Beijing Medical Association; Translational Medicine Branch, Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of coagulation disorders related to liver disease[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2026, 34( 5): 417- 429. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260203-00055.
国家感染性疾病临床医学研究中心, 北京医学会肝病学分会, 中国老年学和老年医学学会转化医学分会. 肝病相关凝血功能异常临床诊治专家共识[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2026, 34( 5): 417- 429. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20260203-00055.
|
| [19] |
Chen Zhili, Xie Qing, Mo Ruidong. Application and evaluation of TIPS in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure at high risk of variceal rebleeding[J]. Chin Hepatol, 2024, 29( 5): 596- 599. DOI: 10.14000/j.cnki.issn.1008-1704.2024.05.024.
陈治莉, 谢青, 莫瑞东. TIPS在慢加急性肝衰竭静脉曲张再出血高风险人群中的应用和评价[J]. 肝脏, 2024, 29( 5): 596- 599. DOI: 10.14000/j.cnki.issn.1008-1704.2024.05.024.
|
| [20] |
Du Bingyu, Li Junfeng, Zhang Liting. Early diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure complicated with acute kidney injury[J]. J Pract Hepatol, 2025, 28( 5): 797- 800. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2025.05.040.
杜冰玉, 李俊峰, 张立婷. 慢加急性肝衰竭并发急性肾损伤诊疗进展[J]. 实用肝脏病杂志, 2025, 28( 5): 797- 800. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5069.2025.05.040.
|
| [21] |
Pose E, Piano S, Juanola A, et al. Hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2024, 166( 4): 588- 604. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.306.
|
| [22] |
Weinberg E M, Wong F, Vargas H E, et al. Decreased need for RRT in liver transplant recipients after pretransplant treatment of hepatorenal syndrome-type 1 with terlipressin[J]. Liver Transpl, 2024, 30( 4): 347- 355. DOI: 10.1097/LVT.0000000000000277.
|
| [23] |
Maiwall R, Singh S P, Angeli P, et al. APASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of acute kidney injury in acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Hepatol Int, 2024, 18( 3): 833- 869. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10650-0.
|
| [24] |
Zarbock A, Kellum J A, Schmidt C, et al. Effect of early vs delayed initiation of renal replacement therapy on mortality in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury: The ELAIN randomized clinical trial[J]. JAMA, 2016, 315( 20): 2190- 2199. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.5828.
|
| [25] |
Liu Wanshu, Shen Lijun, He Xi, et al. Effects of ascites grading and the application of non-selective beta-blockers on the 1-year prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2025, 33( 1): 57- 62. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240130-00067.
刘婉姝, 申力军, 贺希, 等. 腹水分级及非选择性β受体阻滞剂的应用对慢加急性肝衰竭1年预后的影响[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2025, 33( 1): 57- 62. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20240130-00067.
|
| [26] |
Xu M M, Kong M, Yu P F, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure defined by Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver should include decompensated cirrhosis[J]. Front Med, 2021, 8: 750061. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.750061.
|
| [27] |
Moreau R, Jalan R, Gines P, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure is a distinct syndrome that develops in patients with acute decompensation of cirrhosis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2013, 144( 7): 1426- 1437. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.042.
|
| [28] |
Abraldes J G, Caraceni P, Ghabril M, et al. Update in the treatment of the complications of cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2023, 21( 8): 2100- 2109. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.03.019.
|
| [29] |
Singh V, De A, Mehtani R, et al. Asia-Pacific association for study of liver guidelines on management of ascites in liver disease[J]. Hepatol Int, 2023, 17( 4): 792- 826. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10536-7.
|
| [30] |
Lan T, Chen M, Tang C W, et al. Recent developments in the management of ascites in cirrhosis[J]. United European Gastroenterol J, 2024, 12( 2): 261- 272. DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12539.
|
| [31] |
Wong F, Vagas H E, Reddy K R, et al. The effects of alfapump on ascites control and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis and recurrent or refractory ascites[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2025, 120( 10): 2291- 2301. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000003300.
|