中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R
Volume 38 Issue 8
Aug.  2022
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents

China guideline for liver cancer screening (2022, Beijing)

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.08.007
More Information
  • Corresponding author: HE Jie, hejie@cicams.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 2022-07-27
  • Accepted Date: 2022-08-09
  • Published Date: 2022-08-20
  • In China, the survival rate of liver cancer remains low while the mortality rate is high. Effectively reducing the burden of liver cancer is still a major challenge in the field of public health and chronic disease prevention in the Chinese population. Optimizing screening strategies for liver cancer remains a profound approach to secondary prevention worthy of continuous exploration. To address this pressing issue, the Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission commissioned this guideline. The National Cancer Center of China initiated the guideline development and convened a multidisciplinary expert panel and working groups. Following the World Health Organization Handbook for Guideline Development, this guideline integrated the most up-to-date evidence of liver cancer screening, China's national conditions, and existing practical experience in liver cancer screening. Evidence-based recommendations on the target population, screening technologies, surveillance strategies, and other key points across the process of liver cancer screening and surveillance management were provided. This guideline would help standardize the practice of liver cancer screening in China.

     

  • He Jie and Chen Wanqing contributed equally to this work
  • loading
  • [1]
    ZHENG RS, ZHANG SW, ZENG HM, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2016[J]. J Natl Cancer Cent, 2022, 2(1): 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jncc.2022.02.002.
    [2]
    SHI JF, CAO MM, WANG YT, et al. Is it possible to halve the incidence of liver cancer in China by 2050?[J]. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(5): 1051-1065. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33313.
    [3]
    ZENG HM, CHEN WQ, ZHENG RS, et al. Changing cancer survival in China during 2003-15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries[J]. Lancet Glob Health, 2018, 6(5): e555-e567. DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30127-x.
    [4]
    Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the Ministry of Health, Expert Committee of Cancer Early Diagnosis and Early Treatment Project. Technical protocol of early diagnosis and early treatment of cancer program[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2011.

    卫生部疾病预防控制局, 癌症早诊早治项目专家委员会. 癌症早诊早治项目技术方案[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2011.
    [5]
    LI J, LI H, ZENG HM, et al. A study protocol of population-based cancer screening cohort study on esophageal, stomach and liver cancer in rural China[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2020, 32(4): 540-546. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.04.11.
    [6]
    CAO MM, LI H, SUN DQ, et al. Cancer screening in China: The current status, challenges, and suggestions[J]. Cancer Lett, 2021, 506: 120-127. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.017.
    [7]
    National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Technical protocol for cancer screening program in Huaihe river (2020 revised edition)[R]. Beijing: National Cancer Center, 2020.

    国家癌症中心, 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院. 淮河流域癌症早诊早治项目技术方案(2020年修订版)[R]. 北京: 国家癌症中心, 2020.
    [8]
    DAI M, SHI JF, LI N. Design and expected target of early diagnosis and treatment project of urban cancer in China[J]. Chin J Prev Med, 2013, 47(2): 179-182. DOI: 10.3760/cma-j.issn.0253-9624.2013.02.018.

    代敏, 石菊芳, 李霓. 中国城市癌症早诊早治项目设计及预期目标[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2013, 47(2): 179-182. DOI: 10.3760/cma-j.issn.0253-9624.2013.02.018.
    [9]
    National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Technical protocol for cancer screening program in Urban China (2020 edition)[R]. Beijing: National Cancer Center, 2020.

    国家癌症中心, 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院. 城市癌症早诊早治项目技术方案(2020版)[R]. 北京: 国家癌症中心, 2020.
    [10]
    National Cancer Center. Chinese cancer screening guidelines[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2021.

    国家癌症中心. 中国人群癌症筛查工作指导手册[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2021.
    [11]
    SHI JF, CAO MD, YAN XX, et al. Accessibility of liver cancer screening in Chinese population: an exploratory analysis[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2022, 43(6): 906-914. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211112-00879.

    石菊芳, 曹梦迪, 严鑫鑫, 等. 肝癌筛查在我国人群中的可及性: 一项探索性分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2022, 43(6): 906-914. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211112-00879.
    [12]
    Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases Prevention and Control Professional Committee of Chinese Preventive Medical Association, Hepatology Professional Committee of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Hepatology Branch of Chinese Medical Association, et al. Guidelines for stratified screening and surveillance of primary liver cancer (2020 edition)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2021, 37(2): 286-295. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.02.009.

    中华预防医学会肝胆胰疾病预防与控制专业委员会, 中国研究型医院学会肝病专业委员会, 中华医学会肝病学分会, 等. 原发性肝癌的分层筛查与监测指南(2020版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37(2): 286-295. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.02.009.
    [13]
    Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Consensus on the secondary prevention for primary liver cancer (2021 edition)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2021, 37(3): 532-542. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.03.008.

    中华医学会肝病学分会. 原发性肝癌二级预防共识(2021年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2021, 37(3): 532-542. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2021.03.008.
    [14]
    National Multi-center Prospective Liver Cancer Extremely Early Warning Screening Program (PreCar) Expert Group. Expert consensus on early screening strategy for liver cancer in China[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 29(6): 515-522. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210605-00264.

    全国多中心前瞻性肝癌极早期预警筛查项目(PreCar)专家组. 中国肝癌早筛策略专家共识[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2021, 29(6): 515-522. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210605-00264.
    [15]
    HIGGINS JP, ALTMAN DG, GØTZSCHE PC, et al. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials[J]. BMJ, 2011, 343: d5928. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d5928.
    [16]
    WELLS GSB, O'CONNELL D, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in Meta-analyses[EB/OL]. (2020-12-24)[2022-06-16]. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
    [17]
    WHITING PF, RUTJES AW, WESTWOOD ME, et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2011, 155(8): 529-536. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009.
    [18]
    NICE. Appendix 4 quality of case series form 2015[EB/OL]. (2020-12-24)[2022-06-16]. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg3/documents/appendix-4-quality-of-case-series-form2.
    [19]
    GUYATT G, OXMAN AD, AKL EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction-GRADE evidence profiles and summary of findings tables[J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 2011, 64(4): 383-394. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.026.
    [20]
    FERLAY J, ERVIK M, LAM F, et al. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today[M]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2020.
    [21]
    ZHENG RS, SUN KX, ZHANG SW, et al. Prevalence of malignant tumors in China in 2015[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2019, 41(1): 19-28. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008.

    郑荣寿, 孙可欣, 张思维, 等. 2015年中国恶性肿瘤流行情况分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(1): 19-28. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.01.008.
    [22]
    AN L, ZENG HM, ZHENG RS, et al. Liver cancer epidemiology in China, 2015[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2019, 41(10): 721-727. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.10.001.

    安澜, 曾红梅, 郑荣寿, 等. 2015年中国肝癌流行情况分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2019, 41(10): 721-727. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2019.10.001.
    [23]
    SUN KX, ZHENG SR, ZHANG SW, et al. Report of cancer incidence and mortality in different areas of China, 2015[J]. China Cancer, 2019, 28(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.11735/j.issn.1004-0242.2019.01.A001.

    孙可欣, 郑荣寿, 张思维, 等. 2015年中国分地区恶性肿瘤发病和死亡分析[J]. 中国肿瘤, 2019, 28(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.11735/j.issn.1004-0242.2019.01.A001.
    [24]
    ZENG HM, CAO MM, ZHANG RS, et al. Age trend of liver cancer in China from 2000 to 2014[J]. Chin J Prevent Med, 2018, 52(6): 573-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.06.004.

    曾红梅, 曹毛毛, 郑荣寿, 等. 2000—2014年中国肿瘤登记地区肝癌发病年龄变化趋势分析[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2018, 52(6): 573-578. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.06.004.
    [25]
    ZUO TT, ZHENG RS, ZENG HM, et al. Analysis on the incidence and trend of liver cancer in China[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2015, 37(9): 691-696. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.013.

    左婷婷, 郑荣寿, 曾红梅, 等. 中国肝癌发病状况与趋势分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2015, 37(9): 691-696. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.013.
    [26]
    ZHENG RS, ZUO TT, ZENG HM, et al. Mortality and survival of liver cancer in China[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2015, 37(9): 697-702. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.014.

    郑荣寿, 左婷婷, 曾红梅, 等. 中国肝癌死亡状况与生存分析[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2015, 37(9): 697-702. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2015.09.014.
    [27]
    Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global burden of disease[EB/OL]. (2020-12-24)[2022-06-16]. http://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-results-tool.
    [28]
    QIU WQ, SHI JF, GUO LW, et al. Medical expenditure for liver cancer in urban China: A 10-year multicenter retrospective survey (2002-2011)[J]. J Cancer Res Ther, 2018, 14(1): 163-170. DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_709_16.
    [29]
    LEI HK, LEI L, SHI JF, et al. No expenditure difference among patients with liver cancer at stage Ⅰ-Ⅳ: Findings from a multicenter cross-sectional study in China[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2020, 32(4): 516-529. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2020.04.09.
    [30]
    CAO MD, WANG H, SHI JF, et al. Disease burden of liver cancer in China: an updated and integrated analysis on multi-data source evidence[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2020, 41(11): 1848-1858. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200306-00271.

    曹梦迪, 王红, 石菊芳, 等. 中国人群肝癌疾病负担: 多数据源证据更新整合分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(11): 1848-1858. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20200306-00271.
    [31]
    CAI Y, XUE M, CHEN WQ, et al. Expenditure of hospital care on cancer in China, from 2011 to 2015[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2017, 29(3): 253-262. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2017.03.11.
    [32]
    CAO MD, LIU CC, WANG H, et al. The population-level economic burden of liver cancer in China, 2019-2030: prevalence-based estimations from a societal perspective[J]. Cost Eff Resour Alloc, 2022, 20(1): 36. DOI: 10.1186/s12962-022-00370-3.
    [33]
    BRAY F, FERLAY J, SOERJOMATARAM I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2018, 68(6): 394-424. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492.
    [34]
    LIN JS, ZHANG HW, YU HP, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of primary liver cancer in mainland China from 2003 to 2020: A representative multicenter study[J]. Front Oncol, 2022, 12: 906778. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906778.
    [35]
    VILLANUEVA A. Hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(15): 1450-1462. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1713263.
    [36]
    MAUCORT-BOULCH D, de MARTEL C, FRANCESCHI S, et al. Fraction and incidence of liver cancer attributable to hepatitis B and C viruses worldwide[J]. Int J Cancer, 2018, 142(12): 2471-2477. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31280.
    [37]
    ISLAMI F, CHEN W, YU XQ, et al. Cancer deaths and cases attributable to lifestyle factors and infections in China, 2013[J]. Ann Oncol, 2017, 28(10): 2567-2574. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx342.
    [38]
    WANG MJ, WANG YT, FENG XS, et al. Contribution of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus to liver cancer in China north areas: Experience of the Chinese National Cancer Center[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2017, 65: 15-21. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.09.003.
    [39]
    WANG FZ, ZHANG GM, SHEN LP, et al. Comparative analysis of seroepidemiological survey results of hepatitis B among people aged 1-29 years in different endemic areas of China in 1992 and 2014[J]. Chin J Prevent Med, 2017, 51(6): 462-468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.06.002.

    王富珍, 张国民, 沈立萍, 等. 1992和2014年中国不同流行地区1~29岁人群乙型肝炎血清流行病学调查结果对比分析[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2017, 51(6): 462-468. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2017.06.002.
    [40]
    Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association; Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B (version 2019)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007.

    中华医学会感染病学分会, 中华医学会肝病学分会. 慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2019, 35(12): 2648-2669. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.007.
    [41]
    YANG HI, YUEN MF, CHAN HL, et al. Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2011, 12(6): 568-574. DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70077-8.
    [42]
    YANG HI, LU SN, LIAW YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. N Engl J Med, 2002, 347(3): 168-174. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa013215.
    [43]
    YU MW, LIN CL, LIU CJ, et al. Influence of metabolic risk factors on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death in men with chronic hepatitis B: A large cohort study[J]. Gastroenterology, 2017, 153(4): 1006-1017. e5. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.001.
    [44]
    HOU JL, ZHAO W, LEE C, et al. Outcomes of long-term treatment of chronic HBV infection with entecavir or other agents from a randomized trial in 24 countries[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 18(2): 457-467. e21. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.07.010.
    [45]
    SHI Y, WU YH, WU W, et al. Association between occult hepatitis B infection and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis[J]. Liver Int, 2012, 32(2): 231-240. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02481.x.
    [46]
    TSENG TC, LIU CJ, HSU CY, et al. High level of hepatitis B core-related antigen associated with increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic HBV infection of intermediate viral load[J]. Gastroenterology, 2019, 157(6): 1518-1529. e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.08.028.
    [47]
    TSENG TC, LIU CJ, YANG HC, et al. High levels of hepatitis B surface antigen increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with low HBV load[J]. Gastroenterology, 2012, 142(5): 1140-1149. e3. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.007.
    [48]
    LOOMBA R, LIU J, YANG HI, et al. Synergistic effects of family history of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus infection on risk for incident hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2013, 11(12): 1636-1645. e1-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.043.
    [49]
    KIM BS, SEO YS, KIM YS, et al. Reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma by achieving a subcirrhotic liver stiffness through antiviral agents in hepatitis B virus-related advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2018, 33(2): 503-510. DOI: 10.1111/JGH.13854.
    [50]
    REN H, HUANG Y. Effects of pegylated interferon-α based therapies on functional cure and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis B[J]. J Viral Hepat, 2019, 26(Suppl 1): 5-31. DOI: 10.1111/jvh.13150.
    [51]
    XIAO J, WANG F, WONG NK, et al. Global liver disease burdens and research trends: Analysis from a Chinese perspective[J]. J Hepatol, 2019, 71(1): 212-221. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.03.004.
    [52]
    OMATA M, CHENG AL, KOKUDO N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update[J]. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9.
    [53]
    HASSAN MM, HWANG LY, HATTEN CJ, et al. Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: synergism of alcohol with viral hepatitis and diabetes mellitus[J]. Hepatology, 2002, 36(5): 1206-1213. DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2002.36780.
    [54]
    TURATI F, EDEFONTI V, TALAMINI R, et al. Family history of liver cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2012, 55(5): 1416-1425. DOI: 10.1002/hep.24794.
    [55]
    IOANNOU GN, FELD JJ. What are the benefits of a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection?[J]. Gastroenterology, 2019, 156(2): 446-460. e2. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.033.
    [56]
    BERKAN-KAWIŃSKA A, PIEKARSKA A. Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-alcohol fatty liver disease - changing trends and specific challenges[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2020, 36(2): 235-243. DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1683817.
    [57]
    ZENG J, QIN L, JIN Q, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of MAFLD in Chinese adults aged 40 years or older: A community-based study[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2022, 21(2): 154-161. DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.01.006.
    [58]
    ALEXANDER M, LOOMIS AK, van der LEI J, et al. Risks and clinical predictors of ciRRhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma diagnoses in adults with diagnosed NAFLD: real-world study of 18 million patients in four European cohorts[J]. BMC Med, 2019, 17(1): 95. DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1321-x.
    [59]
    TANG XP, SHI YY, DU J, et al. Clinical outcome of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an 11-year follow-up study[J]. BMJ Open, 2022, 12(6): e054891. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054891.
    [60]
    ROSS RK, YU MC, HENDERSON BE, et al. Urinary aflatoxin biomarkers and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Lancet, 1992, 339(8799): 943-946. DOI: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)91528.
    [61]
    SUN ZT, CHEN TY, THORGEIRSSON SS, et al. Dramatic reduction of liver cancer incidence in young adults: 28 year follow-up of etiological interventions in an endemic area of China[J]. Carcinogenesis, 2013, 34(8): 1800-1805. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt007.
    [62]
    ZHANG WL, HE H, ZANG MY, et al. Genetic features of aflatoxin-associated hepatocellular carcinomas[J]. Gastroenterology, 2017, 153(1): 249-262. e2. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.024.
    [63]
    CHAN AT, WILLIAMS CS. Covering the cover[J]. Gastroenterology, 2017, 153(1): 1-3. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.038.
    [64]
    NG AWT, POON SL, HUANG MN, et al. Aristolochic acids and their derivatives are widely implicated in liver cancers in Taiwan and throughout Asia[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2017, 9(412): eaan6446. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan6446.
    [65]
    CHEN CJ, YANG YH, LIN MH, et al. Herbal medicine containing aristolochic acid and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Int J Cancer, 2018, 143(7): 1578-1587. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31544.
    [66]
    Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration, AKINYEMIJU T, ABERA S, et al. The burden of primary liver cancer and underlying etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the global, regional, and national level: Results from the global burden of disease study 2015[J]. JAMA Oncol, 2017, 3(12): 1683-1691. DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055.
    [67]
    WANG X, LIN SX, TAO J, et al. Study of liver cirrhosis over ten consecutive years in Southern China[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2014, 20(37): 13546-13555. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i37.13546.
    [68]
    Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association, Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of hepatitis C(2019 version)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2019, 35(12): 2670-2686. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.008.

    中华医学会肝病学分会, 中华医学会感染病学分会. 丙型肝炎防治指南(2019年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2019, 35(12): 2670-2686. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.12.008.
    [69]
    ESLAM M, NEWSOME PN, SARIN SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement[J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(1): 202-209. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039.
    [70]
    SHARMA SA, KOWGIER M, HANSEN BE, et al. Toronto HCC risk index: A validated scoring system to predict 10-year risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis[J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 68(1): 92-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.033.
    [71]
    Prevention of Infection Related Cancer (PIRCA) Group, Specialized Committee of Cancer Prevention and Control, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Non-communicable & Chronic Disease Control and Prevention Society, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Health Communication Society, Chinese Preventive Medicine Association. Strategies of primary prevention of liver cancer in China: Expert Consensus (2018)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2018, 34(10): 2090-2097. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2018.10.008.

    中华预防医学会肿瘤预防与控制专业委员会感染相关肿瘤防控学组, 中华预防医学会慢病预防与控制分会, 中华预防医学会健康传播分会. 中国肝癌一级预防专家共识(2018)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2018, 34(10): 2090-2097. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2018.10.008.
    [72]
    CHIANG CJ, YANG YW, YOU SL, et al. Thirty-year outcomes of the national hepatitis B immunization program in Taiwan[J]. JAMA, 2013, 310(9): 974-976. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2013.276701.
    [73]
    THOMAS DL. Global elimination of chronic hepatitis[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(21): 2041-2050. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1810477.
    [74]
    WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Digestive system tumours[M]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2019.
    [75]
    American Joint Commission on Cancer. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (8th edition)[M]. America: Springer International Publishing, 2017.
    [76]
    General Office of National Health Commission. Standard for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2022 edition)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2022, 38(2): 288-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.02.009.

    国家卫生健康委办公厅. 原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2022, 38(2): 288-303. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.02.009.
    [77]
    REIG M, FORNER A, RIMOLA J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 update[J]. J Hepatol, 2022, 76(3): 681-693. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018.
    [78]
    ZHU GZ, YAN LN, PENG T. Interpretation of "Chinese Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Primary Liver Cancer(version-2022)" and "BCLC Strategy for Prognosis Prediction and Treatment Recommendation: The 2022 update"[J]. Chin J Bases Clin Gen Surg, 2022, 29(4): 434-439. DOI: 10.7507/1007-9424.202203027.

    朱广志, 严律南, 彭涛. 中国《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2022年版)》与《BCLC预后预测和治疗推荐策略(2022年版)》的解读[J]. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2022, 29(4): 434-439. DOI: 10.7507/1007-9424.202203027.
    [79]
    LETOUZE E, SHINDE J, RENAULT V, et al. Mutational signatures reveal the dynamic interplay of risk factors and cellular processes during liver tumorigenesis[J]. Nat Commun, 2017, 8(1): 1315. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01358-x.
    [80]
    HUANG MN, YU W, TEOH WW, et al. Genome-scale mutational signatures of aflatoxin in cells, mice, and human tumors[J]. Genome Res, 2017, 27(9): 1475-1486. DOI: 10.1101/gr.220038.116.
    [81]
    POON SL, PANG ST, MCPHERSON JR, et al. Genome-wide mutational signatures of aristolochic acid and its application as a screening tool[J]. Sci Transl Med, 2013, 5(197): 197ra101. DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006086.
    [82]
    SIA D, JIAO Y, MARTINEZ-QUETGLAS I, et al. Identification of an immune-specific class of hepatocellular carcinoma, based on molecular features[J]. Gastroenterology, 2017, 153(3): 812-826. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.007.
    [83]
    REBOUISSOU S, NAULT JC. Advances in molecular classification and precision oncology in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 72(2): 215-229. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.017.
    [84]
    BOYAULT S, RICKMAN DS, de REYNIES A, et al. Transcriptome classification of HCC is related to gene alterations and to new therapeutic targets[J]. Hepatology, 2007, 45(1): 42-52. DOI: 10.1002/hep.21467.
    [85]
    Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Comprehensive and integrative genomic characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cell, 2017, 169(7): 1327-1341. e23. DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.046.
    [86]
    CHIANG DY, VILLANUEVA A, HOSHIDA Y, et al. Focal gains of VEGFA and molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancer Res, 2008, 68(16): 6779-6788. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0742.
    [87]
    LEE JS, CHU IS, HEO J, et al. Classification and prediction of survival in hepatocellular carcinoma by gene expression profiling[J]. Hepatology, 2004, 40(3): 667-676. DOI: 10.1002/hep.20375.
    [88]
    Chinese Journal of Hepatology, Liver Cancer Study Group, Chinese Society of Hepatology, Chinese Medical Association. Expert consensus on multidisciplinary diagnosis and treatment of precancerous lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma(2020 edition)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2020, 36(3): 514-518. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.03.007.

    《中华肝脏病杂志》编辑委员会, 中华医学会肝病学分会肝癌学组. 肝细胞癌癌前病变的诊断和治疗多学科专家共识(2020版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(3): 514-518. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.03.007.
    [89]
    NAULT JC, MARTIN Y, CARUSO S, et al. Clinical impact of genomic diversity from early to advanced hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2020, 71(1): 164-182. DOI: 10.1002/hep.30811.
    [90]
    KOBAYASHI M, IKEDA K, HOSAKA T, et al. Dysplastic nodules frequently develop into hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and cirrhosis[J]. Cancer, 2006, 106(3): 636-647. DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21607.
    [91]
    CHEN DB, LI Z, ZHU WH, et al. Stromal morphological changes and immunophenotypic features of precancerous lesions and hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Pathol, 2019, 72(4): 295-303. DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205611.
    [92]
    SATO T, KONDO F, EBARA M, et al. Natural history of large regenerative nodules and dysplastic nodules in liver cirrhosis: 28-year follow-up study[J]. Hepatol Int, 2015, 9(2): 330-336. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9620-6.
    [93]
    BORZIO M, FARGION S, BORZIO F, et al. Impact of large regenerative, low grade and high grade dysplastic nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma development[J]. J Hepatol, 2003, 39(2): 208-214. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(03)00190-9.
    [94]
    NAULT JC, CALDERARO J, DI TOMMASO L, et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation is an early somatic genetic alteration in the transformation of premalignant nodules in hepatocellular carcinoma on cirrrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 2014, 60(6): 1983-1992. DOI: 10.1002/hep.27372.
    [95]
    SCIARRA A, DI TOMMASO L, NAKANO M, et al. Morphophenotypic changes in human multistep hepatocarcinogenesis with translational implications[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(1): 87-93. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.08.031.
    [96]
    STOOT JH, COELEN RJ, de JONG MC, et al. Malignant transformation of hepatocellular adenomas into hepatocellular carcinomas: a systematic review including more than 1600 adenoma cases[J]. HPB (Oxford), 2010, 12(8): 509-522. DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2010.00222.x.
    [97]
    LI LM, WANG JH. Epidemiology[M]. Volume l, 3rd Ed. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2015: 867-876.

    李立明, 王建华. 流行病学[M]. 第1卷第3版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2015: 867-876.
    [98]
    ATIQ O, TIRO J, YOPP AC, et al. An assessment of benefits and harms of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 2017, 65(4): 1196-1205. DOI: 10.1002/hep.28895.
    [99]
    NELSON HD, CANTOR A, HUMPHREY L, et al. Screening for breast cancer: a systematic review to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation[EB/OL]. [2022-06-16]. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/.
    [100]
    RICH NE, PARIKH ND, SINGAL AG. Overdiagnosis: An understudied issue in hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance[J]. Semin Liver Dis, 2017, 37(4): 296-304. DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1608775.
    [101]
    IARC. Colorectal cancer screening. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention[EB/OL]. [2022-06-16]. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Handbooks-Of-Cancer-Prevention/Colorectal-Cancer-Screening-2019.
    [102]
    IARC. Breast cancer screening. IARC Handbook of Cancer Prevention[EB/OL]. [2022-06-16]. https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Handbooks-Of-Cancer-Prevention/Breast-Cancer-Screening-2016.
    [103]
    Bureau of Medical Administration, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer in China (2019 edition)[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2020, 36(2): 277-292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.02.007.

    中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2019年版)[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2020, 36(2): 277-292. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2020.02.007.
    [104]
    KUMAR A, ACHARYA SK, SINGH SP, et al. 2019 update of Indian national association for study of the liver consensus on prevention, diagnosis, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma in India: The Puri Ⅱ recommendations[J]. J Clin Exp Hepatol, 2020, 10(1): 43-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.09.007.
    [105]
    KUDO M, KAWAMURA Y, HASEGAWA K, et al. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: JSH consensus statements and recommendations 2021 update[J]. Liver Cancer, 2021, 10(3): 181-223. DOI: 10.1159/000514174.
    [106]
    European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019.
    [107]
    RYDER SD. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in adults[J]. Gut, 2003, 52(Suppl 3): iii1-iii8. DOI: 10.1136/gut.52.suppl_3.iii1.
    [108]
    HEIMBACH JK, KULIK LM, FINN RS, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 358-380. DOI: 10.1002/hep.29086.
    [109]
    CHEN WQ, XIA CF, ZHENG RS, et al. Disparities by province, age, and sex in site-specific cancer burden attributable to 23 potentially modifiable risk factors in China: a comparative risk assessment[J]. Lancet Glob Health, 2019, 7(2): e257-e269. DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30488-1.
    [110]
    YU CX, SONG C, LV J, et al. Prediction and clinical utility of a liver cancer risk model in Chinese adults: A prospective cohort study of 0.5 million people[J]. Int J Cancer, 2021, 148(12): 2924-2934. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33487.
    [111]
    Guideline Working Committee of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology. Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary hepatocellular carcinoma 2020[M]. Beijing: People's Medical Publishing House, 2020.

    中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员会. 中国临床肿瘤学会(CSCO)原发性肝癌诊疗指南2020[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2020.
    [112]
    SHAO YY, WANG SY, LIN SM. Management consensus guideline for hepatocellular carcinoma: 2020 update on surveillance, diagnosis, and systemic treatment by the Taiwan Liver Cancer Association and the Gastroenterological Society of Taiwan[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2021, 120(4): 1051-1060. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.10.031.
    [113]
    Korean Liver Cancer Association (KLCA), National Cancer Center (NCC), GOYANG, et al. 2018 Korean liver cancer association-national cancer center korea practice guidelines for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Korean J Radiol, 2019, 20(7): 1042-1113. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2019.0140.
    [114]
    OMATA M, CHENG AL, KOKUDO N, et al. Asia-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatocellular carcinoma: a 2017 update[J]. Hepatol Int, 2017, 11(4): 317-370. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-017-9799-9.
    [115]
    MÉNDEZ-SÁNCHEZ N, RIDRUEJO E, ALVES DE MATTOS A, et al. Latin American Association for the Study of the Liver (LAASL) clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2014, 13 (Suppl 1): S4-S40. DOI: 10.1016/S1665-2681(19)30919-6.
    [116]
    CHAGAS AL, MATTOS AA, CARRILHO FJ, et al. Brazilian society of hepatology updated recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Arq Gastroenterol, 2020, 57 (Suppl 1): 1-20. DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-20.
    [117]
    VOGEL A, CERVANTES A, CHAU I, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up[J]. Ann Oncol, 2018, 29(Suppl 4): iv238-iv255. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdy308.
    [118]
    van VLIERBERGHE H, BORBATH I, DELWAIDE J, et al. BASL guidelines for the surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Acta Gastroenterol Belg, 2004, 67(1): 14-25.
    [119]
    SASTRE J, DÍAZ-BEVERIDGE R, GARCÍA-FONCILLAS J, et al. Clinical guideline SEOM: hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Clin Transl Oncol, 2015, 17(12): 988-995. DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1451-3.
    [120]
    ESKENS FA, van ERPECUM KJ, de JONG KP, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Dutch guideline for surveillance, diagnosis and therapy[J]. Neth J Med, 2014, 72(6): 299-304.
    [121]
    BOLONDI L, CILLO U, COLOMBO M, et al. Position paper of the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF): the multidisciplinary clinical approach to hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2013, 45(9): 712-723. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.01.012.
    [122]
    PIÑERO F, TANNO M, ABALLAY SOTERAS G, et al. Argentinian clinical practice guideline for surveillance, diagnosis, staging and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2020, 19(5): 546-569. DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2020.06.003.
    [123]
    ALQAHTANI SA, SANAI FM, ALOLAYAN A, et al. Saudi association for the study of liver diseases and transplantation practice guidelines on the diagnosis and management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Saudi J Gastroenterol, 2020, 26(Suppl 1): S1-S40. DOI: 10.4103/sjg.SJG_477_20.
    [124]
    LOOMBA R, LIM JK, PATTON H, et al. AGA clinical practice update on screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic fattyliver disease: Expert review[J]. Gastroenterology, 2020, 158(6): 1822-1830. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.053.
    [125]
    BENSON AB, D'ANGELICA MI, ABBOTT DE, et al. Guidelines insights: hepatobiliary cancers, version 2.2019[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2019, 17(4): 302-310. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0019.
    [126]
    FRENETTE CT, ISAACSON AJ, BARGELLINI I, et al. A practical guideline for hepatocellular carcinoma screening in patients at risk[J]. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes, 2019, 3(3): 302-310. DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.04.005.
    [127]
    SHARMA SA, KOWGIER M, HANSEN BE, et al. Toronto HCC risk index: A validated scoring system to predict 10-year risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis[J]. J Hepatol, 2017: S0168-8278(17)32248-1. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.033.
    [128]
    PAPATHEODORIDIS G, DALEKOS G, SYPSA V, et al. PAGE-B predicts the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma in caucasians with chronic hepatitis B on 5-year antiviral therapy[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(4): 800-806. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.035.
    [129]
    FAN CS, LI M, GAN Y, et al. A simple AGED score for risk classification of primary liver cancer: development and validation with long-term prospective HBsAg-positive cohorts in Qidong, China[J]. Gut, 2019, 68(5): 948-949. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316525.
    [130]
    SHIHA G, WAKED I, SOLIMAN R, et al. GES: A validated simple score to predict the risk of HCC in patients with HCV-GT4-associated advanced liver fibrosis after oral antivirals[J]. Liver Int, 2020, 40(11): 2828-2833. DOI: 10.1111/liv.14666.
    [131]
    FAN R, PAPATHEODORIDIS G, SUN J, et al. aMAP risk score predicts hepatocellular carcinoma development in patients with chronic hepatitis[J]. J Hepatol, 2020, 73(6): 1368-1378. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.025.
    [132]
    GUI HL, HUANG Y, ZHAO GD, et al. External validation of aMAP hepatocellular carcinoma risk score in patients with chronic hepatitis B-related cirrhosis receiving ETV or TDF therapy[J]. Front Med (Lausanne), 2021, 8: 677920. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.677920.
    [133]
    SHIHA G, MIKHAIL N, SOLIMAN R. External validation of aMAP risk score in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4 and cirrhosis who achieved SVR following DAAs[J]. J Hepatol, 2021, 74(4): 994-996. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.008.
    [134]
    WANG YT, WANG MJ, LI H, et al. A male-ABCD algorithm for hepatocellular carcinoma risk prediction in HBsAg carriers[J]. Chin J Cancer Res, 2021, 33(3): 352-363. DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.03.07.
    [135]
    SÁNCHEZ-TAPIAS JM, COSTA J, MAS A, et al. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients[J]. Gastroenterology, 2002, 123(6): 1848-1856. DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.37041.
    [136]
    BOLONDI L, SOFIA S, SIRINGO S, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis[J]. Gut, 2001, 48(2): 251-259. DOI: 10.1136/gut.48.2.251
    [137]
    CARRILHO FJ, MATTOS AA, VIANEY AF, et al. Brazilian society of hepatology recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Arq Gastroenterol, 2015, 52: 2-14. DOI: 10.1590/S0004-28032015000500001.
    [138]
    GALLE PR, FORNER A, LLOVET JM, et al. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2018, 69(1): 182-236. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019.
    [139]
    HEIMBACH JK, KULIK LM, FINN RS, et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 2018, 67(1): 358-380. DOI: 3 10.1002/hep.29086.
    [140]
    JSH. Clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma 2013[EB/OL]. [2022-06-16]. http://www.jsh.or.jp/English/guidelines_en/Guidelines_for_hepatocellular_carcinoma_2013.
    [141]
    LU J, SHI YX, LIN WY, et al. Study of AFP and imaging monitor diagnosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk HCC subjects[J]. J Pract Radiol, 2001, 17(6): 405-407. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1671.2001.06.002.

    陆健, 施裕新, 林文尧, 等. 肝癌高危人群AFP和影像学监测诊断小肝癌的研究[J]. 实用放射学杂志, 2001, 17(6): 405-407. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1671.2001.06.002.
    [142]
    CHEN JG, PARKIN DM, CHEN QG, et al. Screening for liver cancer: results of a randomised controlled trial in Qidong, China[J]. J Med Screen, 2003, 10(4): 204-209. DOI: 210.1258/096914103771773320.
    [143]
    ZHANG BH, YANG BH, TANG ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2004, 130(7): 417-422. DOI: 10.1007/s00432-004-0552-0.
    [144]
    SINGAL AG, PATIBANDLA S, OBI J, et al. Benefits and harms of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in a prospective cohort of patients with cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 19(9): 1925-1932. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.09.014.
    [145]
    ANDO E, KUROMATSU R, TANAKA M, et al. Surveillance program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: results of specialized department of liver disease[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2006, 40(10): 942-948. DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000225675.14594.d6.
    [146]
    CAUMES JL, NOUSBAUM JB, BESSAGUET C, et al. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in Finistere. Prospective study from June 2002 to May 2003[J]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 2007, 31(3): 259-264. DOI: 10.1016/s0399-8320(07)89370-5.
    [147]
    CHAITEERAKIJ R, CHATTIENG P, CHOI J, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma reduces mortality: an inverse probability of treatment weighted analysis[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2017, 16(3): 421-429. DOI: 410.5604/16652681.11235485.
    [148]
    CHEUNG TK, LAI CL, WONG BC, et al. Clinical features, biochemical parameters, and virological profiles of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in Hong Kong[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2006, 24(4): 573-583. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03029.x.
    [149]
    ELTABBAKH M, ZAGHLA H, ABDEL-RAZEK W, et al. Utility and cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting[J]. Med Oncol, 2015, 32(1): 432. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0432-7.
    [150]
    DIXON S, LONGHURST A, MURGATROYD J, et al. PTH-089 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) surveillance in clinical practice: a district general hospital single-centre experience[J]. Gut, 2018, 67(Suppl 1): A123. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-BSGAbstracts.245.
    [151]
    EL-ZAYADI AR, BADRAN HM, SHAWKY S, et al. Effect of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma on tumor staging and treatment decisions in Egyptian patients[J]. Hepatol Int, 2010, 4(2): 500-506. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9170-x.
    [152]
    GABA RC, KALLWITZ ER, PARVINIAN A, et al. Imaging surveillance and multidisciplinary review improves curative therapy access and survival in HCC patients[J]. Ann Hepatol, 2013, 12(5): 766-773. DOI: 10.1016/S1665-2681(19)31318-3.
    [153]
    CHINNARATHA MA, CAMPBELL K, MATHIAS R, et al. Improved survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients diagnosed with a dedicated screening programme-a propensity score adjusted analysis[J]. J Gastrointest Cancer, 2019, 50(4): 888-893. DOI: 10.1007/s12029-018-0171-7.
    [154]
    GARCÍA GULLÓN C, RENDÓN UNCETA P, MARTÍN HERRERA L, et al. Usefulness of ultrasonography in the early diagnosis of hepatocarcinoma in patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 1995, 87(11): 798-801.
    [155]
    CHIN J, CHENG W, KONG J, et al. The effect of omitting alfa-fetoprotein in surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2016, 31: 97.
    [156]
    FARRELL C, CROSS TJ, HALPEN A, et al. The evaluation of an automated recall programme for surveillance liver ultrasound in patients at increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Hepatol, 2015, 62: S443-S444. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(15)30568-7.
    [157]
    GELLERT L, JALALUDIN B, LEVY M. Hepatocellular carcinoma in Sydney South West: late symptomatic presentation and poor outcome for most[J]. Intern Med J, 2007, 37(8): 516-522. DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2007.01392.
    [158]
    IM S, JANG ES, LEE JH, et al. Surveillance rate and its impact on survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients in south korea: A cohort study[J]. Cancer Res Treat, 2019, 51(4): 1357-1369. DOI: 10.4143/crt.2018.430.
    [159]
    JOU JH, CHEN PH, JAZWINSKI A et al. Rates of surveillance and management of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients evaluated at a liver transplant center[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(12): 3591-3596. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1366-3.
    [160]
    KHALAF N, YING J, MITTAL S, et al. Natural history of untreated hepatocellular carcinoma in a US cohort and the role of cancer surveillance[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2017, 15(2): 273-281. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.07.033.
    [161]
    KIM HY, NAM JY, LEE JH, et al. Intensity of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma determines survival in patients at risk in a hepatitis B-endemic area[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2018, 47(11): 1490-1501. DOI: 10.1111/apt.14623.
    [162]
    KUO YH, LU SN, CHEN CL, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance and appropriate treatment options improve survival for patients with liver cirrhosis[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2010, 46(4): 744-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.12.018.
    [163]
    LEYKUM LK, EL-SERAG HB, CORNELL J, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma among veterans with hepatitis C on disease stage, treatment received, and survival[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007, 5(4): 508-512. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2007.01.014
    [164]
    MARTÍNEZ CEREZO FJ, PUIG M, MARTÍNEZ NOGUERAS A, et al. Value of ultrasonography in the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 1993, 84(5): 311-314.
    [165]
    MIQUEL M, SOPEÑA J, VERGARA M, et al. Factors related to survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the geographic area of Sabadell (Catalonia, Spain)[J]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2012, 104(5): 242-247. DOI: 10.4321/s1130-01082012000500004.
    [166]
    MITTAL R, SAHOTA A, TUNG J, et al. Impact of screening on survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with chronic hepatitis B-A regional U.S. population based study[J]. Hepatology, 2016, 64(1): 669A.
    [167]
    MITTAL S, KANWAL F, YING J, et al. Effectiveness of surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: A United States cohort[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 65(6): 1148-1154. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.07.025.
    [168]
    NODA I, KITAMOTO M, NAKAHARA H, et al. Regular surveillance by imaging for early detection and better prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients infected with hepatitis C virus[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2010, 45(1): 105-112. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0131-x
    [169]
    NUSBAUM JD, SMIRNIOTOPOULOS J, WRIGHT HC, et al. The effect of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in an urban population with liver cirrhosis[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2015, 49(10): e91-e95. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000306.
    [170]
    PASCUAL S, IRURZUN J, ZAPATER P, et al. Usefulness of surveillance programmes for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice[J]. Liver Int, 2008, 28(5): 682-689. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01710.x.
    [171]
    PIÑERO F, RUBINSTEIN F, MARCIANO S, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma: Does the place where ultrasound is performed impact its effectiveness?[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2019, 64(3): 718-728. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5390-z.
    [172]
    RICH NE, YOPP AC, MARRERO JA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance using ultrasound and AFP improves early detection and survival in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 2017, 66(Suppl. 1): 730A.
    [173]
    GÓMEZ RODRÍGUEZ R, ROMERO GUTIÉRREZ M, GONZÁLEZ de FRUTOS C, et al. Clinical characteristics, staging and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice. Prospective study of 136 patients[J]. Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 34(8): 524-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2011.06.009
    [174]
    SARKAR M, STEWART S, YU A, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening practices and impact on survival among hepatitis B-infected Asian Americans[J]. J Viral Hepat, 2012, 19(8): 594-600. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01577.x.
    [175]
    SINGAL AG, MITTAL S, YEROKUN OA, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma screening associated with early tumor detection and improved survival among patients with cirrhosis in the US[J]. Am J Med, 2017, 130(9): 1099-1106. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.01.021.
    [176]
    STRAVITZ RT, HEUMAN DM, CHAND N, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis improves outcome[J]. Am J Med, 2008, 121(2): 119-126. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.09.020.
    [177]
    STROFFOLINI T, TREVISANI F, PINZELLO G, et al. Changing aetiological factors of hepatocellular carcinoma and their potential impact on the effectiveness of surveillance[J]. Dig Liver Dis, 2011, 43(11): 875-880. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.05.002
    [178]
    TANAKA H, NOUSO K, KOBASHI H, et al. Surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection may improve patient survival[J]. Liver Int, 2006, 26(5): 543-551. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01270.x.
    [179]
    TANAKA S, KITAMURA T, NAKANISHI K, et al. Effectiveness of periodic checkup by ultrasonography for the early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancer, 1990, 66(10): 2210-2214. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19901115)66:10<2210::aid-cncr2820661028>3.0.co;2-7
    [180]
    TONG MJ, ROSINSKI AA, HUYNH CT, et al. Long-term survival after surveillance and treatment in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatol Commun, 2017, 1(7): 595-608. DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1047.
    [181]
    TONG MJ, SUN HE, HSIEN C, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma improves survival in Asian-American patients with hepatitis B: Results from a community-based clinic[J]. Dig Dis Sci, 2010, 55(3): 826-835. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-1059-y.
    [182]
    TOYODA H, KUMADA T, KIRIYAMA S, et al. Impact of surveillance on survival of patients with initial hepatocellular carcinoma: a study from Japan[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2006, 4(9): 1170-1176. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2006.06.007.
    [183]
    TOYODA H, KUMADA T, TADA T, et al. Impact of hepatocellular carcinoma aetiology and liver function on the benefit of surveillance: A novel approach for the adjustment of lead-time bias[J]. Liver Int, 2018, 38(12): 2260-2268. DOI: 10.1111/liv.13927.
    [184]
    TREVISANI F, CANTARINI MC, LABATE AM, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly Italian patients with ciRRhosis: effects on cancer staging and patient survival[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2004, 99(8): 1470-1476. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30137.x.
    [185]
    TREVISANI F, SANTI V, GRAMENZI A, et al. Surveillance for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: is it effective in intermediate/advanced cirrhosis?[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2007, 102(11): 2448-2458. DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01395.x.
    [186]
    van MEER S, de MAN RA, COENRAAD MJ, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased survival: Results from a large cohort in the netherlands[J]. J Hepatol, 2015, 63(5): 1156-1163. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.012
    [187]
    van VLIERBERGHE H, COLLE I, HENRION J, et al. The Hepcar registry: report on a one-year registration program of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Belgium. What is daily practice in HCC?[J]. Acta Gastroenterol Belg, 2005, 68(4): 403-411. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-005-0403-8.
    [188]
    WONG LL, LIMM WM, SEVERINO R, et al. Improved survival with screening for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Liver Transpl, 2000, 6(3): 320-325. DOI: 10.1053/lv.2000.4875
    [189]
    YANG JD, HARMSEN WS, SLETTEDAHL SW, et al. Factors that affect risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and effects of surveillance[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 9(7): 617-623. e1. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.027.
    [190]
    YEROKUN OA, PARIKH ND, SCAGLIONE SJ, et al. HCC surveillance is associated with early tumor detection and improved survival: A multi-center United States study[J]. Gastroenterology, 2016, 150(4): S1138. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(16)33840-9.
    [191]
    YOUK CM, CHOI MS, PAIK SW, et al. Early diagnosis and improved survival with screening for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi, 2003, 9(2): 116-123. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02425.x.
    [192]
    YU EW, CHIE WC, CHEN TH. Does screening or surveillance for primary hepatocellular carcinoma with ultrasonography improve the prognosis of patients?[J]. Cancer J, 2004, 10(5): 317-325. DOI: 10.1097/00130404-200409000-00009.
    [193]
    ZAPATA E, ZUBIAURRE L, CASTIELLA A, et al. Are hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance programs effective at improving the therapeutic options[J]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig, 2010, 102(8): 484-488. DOI: 10.4321/s1130-01082010000800005
    [194]
    JI MF, LIU ZW, CHANG ET, et al. Mass screening for liver cancer: results from a demonstration screening project in Zhongshan City, China[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8(1): 12787. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31119-9.
    [195]
    CHEN JG, ZHANG YH, ZHU J, et al. Early diagnosis and early treatment for liver cancer in Qidong: survival of patients and effectiveness of screening[J]. Chin J Oncol, 2017, 39(12): 946-951. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.12.013.

    陈建国, 张永辉, 朱健, 等. 启东肝癌的早诊早治及筛查效果评价[J]. 中华肿瘤杂志, 2017, 39(12): 946-951. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-3766.2017.12.013.
    [196]
    DAVILA JA, WESTON A, SMALLEY W, et al. Utilization of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States[J]. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2007, 41(8): 777-782. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3180381560.
    [197]
    DEMMA S, O'DONOGHUE P, O'BEIRNE J, et al. False-negative liver ultrasound limits benefits of HCC surveillance[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(2): S340-S341. DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(16)00483-9.
    [198]
    EL-SERAG HB, KRAMER JR, CHEN GJ, et al. Effectiveness of AFP and ultrasound tests on hepatocellular carcinoma mortality in HCV-infected patients in the USA[J]. Gut, 2011, 60(7): 992-997. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.230508.
    [199]
    KEMP W, PIANKO S, NGUYEN S, et al. Survival in hepatocellular carcinoma: Impact of screening and etiology of liver disease[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005, 60(7): 992-997. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.230508.
    [200]
    WEBB GJ, WRIGHT KV, HARROD EC, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in a mixed-aetiology UK cohort with cirrhosis: does α-fetoprotein still have a role?[J]. Clin Med (Lond), 2015, 15(2): 139-144. DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.15-2-139.
    [201]
    TAURA N, HAMASAKI K, NAKAO K, et al. Clinical benefits of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: a single-center, hospital-based study[J]. Oncol Rep, 2005, 14(4): 999-1003. DOI: 10.3892/or.14.4.999.
    [202]
    THEIN HH, CAMPITELLI MA, YEUNG LT, et al. Improved survival in patients with viral hepatitis-induced hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing recommended abdominal ultrasound surveillance in ontario: A population-based retrospective cohort study[J]. PLoS One, 2015, 10(9): e0138907. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138907.
    [203]
    WONG GL, WONG VW, TAN GM, et al. Surveillance programme for hepatocellular carcinoma improves the survival of patients with chronic viral hepatitis[J]. Liver Int, 2008, 28(1): 79-87. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01576.x.
    [204]
    CHEN TH, CHEN CJ, YEN MF, et al. Ultrasound screening and risk factors for death from hepatocellular carcinoma in a high risk group in Taiwan[J]. Int J Cancer, 2002, 98(2): 257-261. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10122.
    [205]
    COSTENTIN C, LAYESE R, BOURCIER V, et al. Prospective evidence that hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with compensated viral cirrhosis increases the probability of curative treatment and survival taking into account lead-time bias (Anrs Co12 Cirvir Cohort)[J]. J Hepatol, 2016, 64(2): S194-S195. DOI: 10.1016/S0168-8278(16)00141-0.
    [206]
    SILVEIRA MG, SUZUKI A, LINDOR KD. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 2008, 48(4): 1149-1156. DOI: 10.1002/hep.22458.
    [207]
    GIANNINI E, ARZANI L, BORRO P, et al. Does surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in HCV cirrhotic patients improve treatment outcome mainly due to better clinical status at diagnosis?[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 2000, 47(35): 47(35): 1395-1398.
    [208]
    LANG S, MARTIN A, KASPER P, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance with liver imaging is not associated with improved survival[J]. Scand J Gastroenterol, 2020, 55(2): 222-227. DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1718747.
    [209]
    UNOURA M, KANEKO S, MATSUSHITA E, et al. High-risk groups and screening strategies for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease[J]. Hepatogastroenterology, 1993, 40(4): 305-310. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1063554.
    [210]
    WU X, WANG X, SUN Y, et al. Surveillance at six month intervals with ultrasonography performs good for the detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic HBV infection: A regular integrated 10 years follow-up experience[J]. Hepatology, 2015, 62(Suppl 1): 399A-400A. DOI: 10.1002/hep.28212.
    [211]
    BUI CN. Impact of surveillance and early-stage versus late-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) detection on patient overall survival[D]. Texas: The University of Texas at Austin, 2018.
    [212]
    YEH YP, HU TH, CHO PY, et al. Evaluation of abdominal ultrasonography mass screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan[J]. Hepatology, 2014, 59(5): 1840-1849. DOI: 10.1002/hep.26703.
    [213]
    TSILIMIGRAS DI, BAGANTE F, SAHARA K, et al. Prognosis after resection of barcelona clinic liver cancer (BCLC) stage 0, A, and B hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive assessment of the current BCLC classification[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2019, 26(11): 3693-3700. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07580-9.
    [214]
    MCMAHON BJ, BULKOW L, HARPSTER A, et al. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaska natives infected with chronic hepatitis B: a 16-year population-based study[J]. Hepatology, 2000, 32(4 Pt 1): 842-846. DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2000.17914.
    [215]
    HARRIS PS, HANSEN RM, GRAY ME, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: An evidence-based approach[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2019, 25(13): 1550-1559. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i13.1550.
    [216]
    TZARTZEVA K, OBI J, RICH NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha fetoprotein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: A Meta-analysis[J]. Gastroenterology, 2018, 154(6): 1706-1718 e1701. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.064.
    [217]
    KUDO M, UESHIMA K, OSAKI Y, et al. B-mode ultrasonography versus contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial[J]. Liver Cancer, 2019, 8(4): 271-280. DOI: 10.1159/000501082.
    [218]
    ALLEMANI C, MATSUDA T, DI CARLO V, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries[J]. Lancet, 2018, 391(10125): 1023-1075. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3.
    [219]
    RAO SX, WANG J, WANG J, et al. Chinese consensus on the clinical application of hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent: Gadoxetic acid disodium[J]. J Dig Dis, 2019, 20(2): 54-61. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12707.
    [220]
    ZENG MS, YE HY, GUO L, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for focal liver lesions in Chinese patients: a multicenter, open-label, phase Ⅲ study[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2013, 12(6): 607-616. DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(13)60096-x.
    [221]
    YOO SH, CHOI JY, JANG JW, et al. Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI is better than MDCT in decision making of curative treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Ann Surg Oncol, 2013, 20(9): 2893-2900. DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3001-y.
    [222]
    XING H, ZHENG YJ, HAN J, et al. Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-Ⅱ versus alpha-fetoprotein in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review with meta-analysis[J]. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int, 2018, 17(6): 487-495. DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.09.009.
    [223]
    KOKUDO N, HASEGAWA K, AKAHANE M, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma: The Japan Society of Hepatology 2013 update (3rd JSH-HCC Guidelines)[J]. Hepatol Res, 2015, 45(2): 123-127. DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12464
    [224]
    CHEN HD, ZHANG Y, LI SW, et al. Direct comparison of five serum biomarkers in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancer Manag Res, 2018, 10: 1947-1958. DOI: 10.2147/CMAR.S167036.
    [225]
    QU CF, WANG YT, WANG P, et al. Detection of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in asymptomatic HBsAg-seropositive individuals by liquid biopsy[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2019, 116(13): 6308-6312. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819799116.
    [226]
    HUANG A, ZHANG X, ZHOU SL, et al. Plasma circulating cell-free DNA integrity as a promising biomarker for diagnosis and surveillance in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Cancer, 2016, 7(13): 1798-1803. DOI: 10.7150/jca.15618.
    [227]
    ZHOU J, YU L, GAO X, et al. Plasma microRNA panel to diagnose hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2011, 29(36): 4781-4788. DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.2697
    [228]
    Chinese Preventive Medicine Association, Society of Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases. Expert consensus on the role of hematological markers in the early clinical screening of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2021, 29(10): 942-947. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210927-00485.

    中华预防医学会感染性疾病防控分会. 血液标志物用于临床肝细胞癌早期筛查的专家共识[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2021, 29(10): 942-947. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210927-00485.
    [229]
    Expert Group for Project of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Surveillance, Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control. Screening and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection[J]. Chin J Hepatol, 2021, 29(10): 932-941. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210927-00484.

    中国肝炎防治基金会肝细胞癌筛查和监测项目专家组. 慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染者肝细胞癌筛查和监测[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2021, 29(10): 932-941. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20210927-00484.
    [230]
    YIN JH, WANG JX, PU R, et al. Hepatitis B virus combo mutations improve the prediction and active prophylaxis of hepatocellular carcinoma: A clinic-based cohort study[J]. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2015, 8(10): 978-988. DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0160.
    [231]
    YIN JH, ZHANG HW, HE YC, et al. Distribution and hepatocellular carcinoma-related viral properties of hepatitis B virus genotypes in mainland China: a community-based study[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2010, 19(3): 777-786. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1001.
    [232]
    LIU SJ, ZHANG HW, GU CY, et al. Associations between hepatitis B virus mutations and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis[J]. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2009, 101(15): 1066-1082. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp180.
    [233]
    BENSON AB, D'ANGELICA MI, ABBOTT DE, et al. Hepatobiliary cancers, version 2.2021, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology[J]. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2021, 19(5): 541-565. DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2021.0022.
    [234]
    SINGAL A, VOLK ML, WALJEE A, et al. Meta-analysis: surveillance with ultrasound for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2009, 30(1): 37-47. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04014.x.
    [235]
    TAYOB N, RICHARDSON P, WHITE DL, et al. Evaluating screening approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma in a cohort of HCV related cirrhosis patients from the Veteran's Affairs Health Care System[J]. BMC Med Res Methodol, 2018, 18(1): 1. DOI: 10.1186/s12874-017-0458-6.
    [236]
    LEE YJ, LEE JM, LEE JS, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma: diagnostic performance of multidetector CT and MR imaging-a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Radiology, 2015, 275(1): 97-109. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14140690.
    [237]
    LOGLIO A, IAVARONE M, FACCHETTI F, et al. The combination of PIVKA-Ⅱ and AFP improves the detection accuracy for HCC in HBV caucasian cirrhotics on long-term oral therapy[J]. Liver Int, 2020, 40(8): 1987-1996. DOI: 10.1111/liv.14475.
    [238]
    JI J, LIU LJ, JIANG FF, et al. The clinical application of PIVKA-Ⅱ in hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver diseases: A multi-center study in China[J]. J Clin Lab Anal, 2021, 35(11): e24013. DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24013.
    [239]
    TREMOSINI S, FORNER A, BOIX L, et al. Prospective validation of an immunohistochemical panel (glypican 3, heat shock protein 70 and glutamine synthetase) in liver biopsies for diagnosis of very early hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gut, 2012, 61(10): 1481-1487. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301862.
    [240]
    YIN JH, XIE JX, LIU SJ, et al. Association between the various mutations in viral core promoter region to different stages of hepatitis B, ranging of asymptomatic carrier state to hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2011, 106(1): 81-92. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.399.
    [241]
    YIN JH, XIE JX, ZHANG HW, et al. Significant association of different pres mutations with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Gastroenterol, 2010, 45(10): 1063-1071. DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0253-1.
    [242]
    ZHANG X, XU YF, QIAN ZJ, et al. circRNA_104075 stimulates YAP-dependent tumorigenesis through the regulation of HNF4a and may serve as a diagnostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cell Death Dis, 2018, 9(11): 1091. DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1132-6.
    [243]
    YANG JC, YU SQ, GAO L, et al. Current global development of screening guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2020, 41(7): 1126-1137. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190814-00597.

    杨继春, 于树青, 高乐, 等. 全球肝癌筛查指南制订现状的系统综述[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2020, 41(7): 1126-1137. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20190814-00597.
    [244]
    CAI JB, CHEN L, ZHANG Z, et al. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosines in circulating cell-free DNA as a non-invasive approach for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Gut, 2019, 68(12): 2195-2205. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318882.
    [245]
    KONERMAN MA, VERMA A, ZHAO B, et al. Frequency and outcomes of abnormal imaging in patients with cirrhosis enrolled in a hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance program[J]. Liver Transpl, 2019, 25(3): 369-379. DOI: 10.1002/lt.25398
    [246]
    QUAN W, YU X, WU BH, et al. Epidemiological and health economics research of combined screening project for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. J Sun Yat-Sen Uni(Medical Sciences), 2014, 35(4): 614-618. DOI: 10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).2014.0103.

    全文, 俞霞, 吴标华, 等. 鼻咽癌和肝癌联合筛查的流行病学及卫生经济学研究[J]. 中山大学学报(医学科学版), 2014, 35(4): 614-618. DOI: 10.13471/j.cnki.j.sun.yat-sen.univ(med.sci).2014.0103.
    [247]
    WANG YQ, WANG L, WANG XH, et al. A cancer screening survey among urban residents in Hangzhou city: cost-effectiveness and cost-untility analysis[J]. Chin J Public Health, 2020, 36(1): 12-15. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1126294.

    王悠清, 王乐, 汪祥辉, 等. 杭州城市居民常见癌症筛查成本分析[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2020, 36(1): 12-15. DOI: 10.11847/zgggws1126294.
    [248]
    ZHANG M. Study on the economic burden and cost-effectiveness analysis of screening in six common cancers[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2014.

    张苗. 六种常见癌症经济负担及筛查成本——效果分析[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2014.
    [249]
    KUO MJ, CHEN HH, CHEN CL, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of population-based screening of hepatocellular carcinoma: Comparing ultrasonography with two-stage screening[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2016, 22(12): 3460-3470. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3460.
    [250]
    LEI HK, DONG P, ZHOU Q, et al. Potential demand on cancer screening service in urban populations in China: a cross-sectional survey[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2018, 39(3): 289-294. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.03.008.

    雷海科, 董佩, 周琦, 等. 我国城市地区人群癌症筛查需求调查分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2018, 39(3): 289-294. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2018.03.008.
    [251]
    National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. The sustainability of cancer screening in urban populations in China: a report from the CanSPUC Program[R]. Beijing: National Cancer Center, 2017.

    国家癌症中心, 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院. 城市癌症早诊早治项目系列报告之中国城市人群中开展癌症筛查的可持续性评估[R]. 北京: 国家癌症中心, 2017.
    [252]
    TRINCHET JC, CHAFFAUT C, BOURCIER V, et al. Ultrasonographic surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma in ciRRhosis: a randomized trial comparing 3- and 6-month periodicities[J]. Hepatology, 2011, 54(6): 1987-1997. DOI: 19 10.1002/hep.24545.
    [253]
    SONG JJ, LU WY, ZHAO ZW, et al. Association between ultrasound screening frequency and mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Natl Med J China, 2016, 96(45): 3652-3655. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.45.009.

    宋晶晶, 卢伟业, 赵中伟, 等. 超声筛查频率与肝细胞癌患者病死率相关性分析[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2016, 96(45): 3652-3655. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2016.45.009.
    [254]
    DEL POGGIO P, OLMI S, CICCARESE F, et al. Factors that affect efficacy of ultrasound surveillance for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2014, 12(11): 1927-1933. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.02.025.
    [255]
    KHALILI K, MENEZES R, KIM TK, et al. The effectiveness of ultrasound surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in a Canadian centre and determinants of its success[J]. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 29(5): 267-273. DOI: 10.1155/2015/563893.
    [256]
    SANTI V, TREVISANI F, GRAMENZI A, et al. Semiannual surveillance is superior to annual surveillance for the detection of early hepatocellular carcinoma and patient survival[J]. J Hepatol, 2010, 53(2): 291-297. DOI: 210.1016/j.jhep.2010.1003.1010.
    [257]
    TREVISANI F, de NOTARⅡS S, RAPACCINI G, et al. Semiannual and annual surveillance of cirrhotic patients for hepatocellular carcinoma: effects on cancer stage and patient survival (Italian experience)[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2002, 97(3): 734-744. DOI: 7 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05557.x.
    [258]
    WU CY, HSU YC, HO HJ, et al. Association between ultrasonography screening and mortality in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a nationwide cohort study[J]. Gut, 2016, 65(4): 693-701. DOI: 610.1136/gutjnl-2014-308786.
    [259]
    WANG JH, CHANG KC, KEE KM, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance at 4- vs. 12-month intervals for patients with chronic viral hepatitis: a randomized study in community[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2013, 108(3): 416-424. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2012.445.
    [260]
    POCHA C, DIEPERINK E, MCMAKEN KA, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular cancer with ultrasonography vs. computed tomography - A randomised study[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2013, 38(3): 303-312. DOI: 3 10.1111/apt.12370.
    [261]
    RHEE H, AN C, KIM DY, et al. Unenhanced MRI versus ultrasonography for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial (miracle-HCC)[J]. Liver Cancer, 2018, 7: 95. DOI: 10.1159/000490877.
    [262]
    KIM JH, KANG SH, LEE M, et al. Improved detection of hepatocellular carcinoma by dynamic computed tomography in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B: A multicenter study[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 35(10): 1795-1803. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15046
    [263]
    KIM JH, KANG SH, LEE M, et al. Individualized surveillance of chronic hepatitis B patients according to hepatocellular carcinoma risk based on PAGE-B scores[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2020, 33(12): 1564-1572. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000001870
    [264]
    CHEN JY, YANG BH, ZHOU XY, et al. The screening interval of early detection for liver cancer in high risk population in community[J]. China Cancer, 2001, 10(4): 201-202. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0242.2001.04.006.

    陈金洋, 杨秉辉, 周杏元, 等. 社区肝癌高危人群筛查间隔时间的探索[J]. 中国肿瘤, 2001, 10(4): 201-202. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-0242.2001.04.006.
    [265]
    LUO F, CUI F, YUE HF, et al. The joint screening and tracing analysis of hepatic carcinoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma in guangxi communities from 2011 to 2013[J]. China Mod Med, 2014, 21(15): 171-174. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGUD201415068.htm

    罗凤, 崔英, 岳惠芬, 等. 2011~2013年广西社区肝癌和鼻咽癌联合筛查及追踪分析[J]. 中国当代医药, 2014, 21(15): 171-174. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGUD201415068.htm
    [266]
    ZHENG G, ZHANG HY, NI HW, et al. Analysis influence factors on of second prevention in patients with liver cancer high risk[J]. Chin J Public Health, 2006, 22(12): 1439-1440. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-0580.2006.12.017.

    郑光, 张红叶, 倪红伟, 等. 肝癌高危人群二级预防依从性影响因素分析[J]. 中国公共卫生, 2006, 22(12): 1439-1440. DOI: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-0580.2006.12.017.
    [267]
    ZHENG Y, ZHU MY, CHENG YH, et al. Effect of early detection intervention on high-risk population of liver cancer in Shanghai[J]. Cancer, 2007, 27(1): 73-77. DOI: 10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2007.01.019.

    郑莹, 朱美英, 程月华, 等. 上海市社区肝癌高危人群早发现干预效果的研究[J]. 肿瘤, 2007, 27(1): 73-77. DOI: 10.3781/j.issn.1000-7431.2007.01.019.
    [268]
    YU X, JI MF, CHENG WM, et al. A retrospective cohort study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening and hepatocellular carcinoma screening in zhongshang city[J]. J Cancer, 2019, 10(8): 1909-1914. DOI: 10.7150/jca.27676.
    [269]
    Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission, China Cancer Foundation, Expert Committee of Cancer Screening Program in Rural China. Annual Report of the Cancer Screening Program in Rural China, 2019-2020[R]. Beijing: Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention of the National Health Commission, China Cancer Foundation, Expert Committee of Cancer Screening Program in Rural China, 2020.

    国家卫生健康委员会疾病预防控制局, 中国癌症基金会, 农村癌症早诊早治项目专家委员会. 癌症早诊早治项目(农村)工作报告2019/2020[R]. 北京: 国家卫生健康委员会疾病预防控制局, 中国癌症基金会, 2020.
    [270]
    ZHANG BH, YANG BH. Cost - effectiveness analysis of screening for primary hepatic cancer[J]. Clin Med J China, 1999, 6(2): 106-108. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LCYX199902006.htm

    张博恒, 杨秉辉. 原发性肝癌筛查的成本效果分析[J]. 中国临床医学, 1999, 6(2): 106-108. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-LCYX199902006.htm
    [271]
    QIU YL, WANG CF, GU K, et al. Cost - effectiveness analysis of liver cancer screening among residents with high risk in Shanghai in 2002 - 2005[J]. Shanghai J Prev Med, 2006, 18(11): 533-535. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9231.2006.11.001.

    邱永莉, 王春芳, 顾凯, 等. 2002~2005年上海市社区肝癌高危人群筛检成本效果分析[J]. 上海预防医学, 2006, 18(11): 533-535. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-9231.2006.11.001.
    [272]
    SHIH ST, CROWLEY S, SHEU JC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of a two-stage screening intervention for hepatocellular carcinoma in Taiwan[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2010, 109(1): 39-55. DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60020-4.
    [273]
    LAM C. Screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Is it cost-effective?[J]. Hong Kong Practitioner, 2000, 22(11): 546-551.
    [274]
    CHANG Y, LAIRSON DR, CHAN W, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma among subjects at different levels of risk[J]. J Eval Clin Pract, 2011, 17(2): 261-267. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01432.x.
    [275]
    CHEN QP, LIN S, SHI ZS, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of Gd-EOB-DTPA contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging versus ultrasound in hepatocellular carcinoma screening[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2018, 34(9): 1917-1920. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2018.09.018.

    陈琪萍, 林苏, 史震山, 等. 钆塞酸二钠增强磁共振成像与超声在肝细胞癌筛查中的成本效益分析[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2018, 34(9): 1917-1920. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2018.09.018.
    [276]
    KWON JW, TCHOE HJ, LEE J, et al. The impact of national surveillance for liver cancer: Results from real-world setting in korea[J]. Gut Liver, 2020, 14(1): 108-116. DOI: 10.5009/gnl18522.
    [277]
    QIAN MY, YUWEI JR, ANGUS P, et al. Efficacy and cost of a hepatocellular carcinoma screening program at an Australian teaching hospital[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2010, 25(5): 951-956. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.06203.x.
    [278]
    ROBOTIN MC, KANSIL M, HOWARD K, et al. Antiviral therapy for hepatitis B-related liver cancer prevention is more cost-effective than cancer screening[J]. J Hepatol, 2009, 50(5): 990-998. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.12.022.
    [279]
    SANGMALA P, CHAIKLEDKAEW U, TANWANDEE T, et al. Economic evaluation and budget impact analysis of the surveillance program for hepatocellular carcinoma in Thai chronic hepatitis B patients[J]. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2014, 15(20): 8993-9004. DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.20.8993.
    [280]
    MUELLER PP, CHEN Q, AYER T, et al. Duration and cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in hepatitis C patients after viral eradication[J]. J Hepatol, 2022, 77(1): 55-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.027.
    [281]
    CHUNG JW, JANG ES, KIM J, et al. Development of a nomogram for screening of hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(63): 106499-106510. DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22498.
    [282]
    GOUNDER PP, BULKOW LR, MELTZER MI, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma screening by combinations of ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein among Alaska Native people, 1983-2012[J]. Int J Circumpolar Health, 2016, 75: 31115. DOI: 10.3402/ijch.v75.31115.
    [283]
    ANDERSSON KL, SALOMON JA, GOLDIE SJ, et al. Cost effectiveness of alternative surveillance strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 6(12): 1418-1424. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.08.005.
    [284]
    ELTABBAKH M, ZAGHLA H, ABDEL-RAZEK W, et al. Utility and cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in a resource-limited setting[J]. Med Oncol, 2015, 32(1): 432. DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0432-7.
    [285]
    PATEL D, TERRAULT NA, YAO FY, et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005, 3(1): 75-84. DOI: 10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00443-4.
    [286]
    FARHANG ZANGNEH H, WONG WWL, SANDER B, et al. Cost effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance after a sustained virologic response totherapy in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and advanced fibrosis[J]. Clin gastroenterol hepatol, 2019, 17(9): 1840-1849. e1816. DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.12.018.
    [287]
    NOUSO K, TANAKA H, UEMATSU S, et al. Cost-effectiveness of the surveillance program of hepatocellular carcinoma depends on the medical circumstances[J]. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2008, 23(3): 437-444. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05054.x.
    [288]
    UYEI J, TADDEI TH, KAPLAN DE, et al. Setting ambitious targets for surveillance and treatment rates among patients with hepatitis C related cirrhosis impacts the cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular cancer surveillance and substantially increases life expectancy: A modeling study[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(8): e0221614. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221614.
    [289]
    PARIKH ND, SINGAL AG, HUTTON DW, et al. Cost-effectiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: An assessment of benefits and harms[J]. Am J Gastroenterol, 2020, 115(10): 1642-1649. DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000715.
    [290]
    KIM HL, AN J, PARK JA, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging is cost-effective for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in high-risk patients with cirrhosis[J]. Hepatology, 2019, 69(4): 1599-1613. DOI: 10.1002/hep.30330.
    [291]
    LIN OS, KEEFFE EB, SANDERS GD, et al. Cost-effectiveness of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with ciRRhosis due to chronic hepatitis C[J]. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2004, 19(11): 1159-1172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01963.x.
    [292]
    CHOI JI, JUNG SE, KIM PN, et al. Quality assurance in ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma using a standardized phantom and standard clinical images: a 3-year national investigation in Korea[J]. J Ultrasound Med, 2014, 33(6): 985-995. DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.6.985.
    [293]
    DUSZAK R, Jr NOSSAL M, SCHOFIELD L, et al. Physician documentation deficiencies in abdominal ultrasound reports: frequency, characteristics, and financial impact[J]. J Am Coll Radiol, 2012, 9(6): 403-408. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2012.01.006.
    [294]
    SATO T, TATEISHI R, YOSHIDA H, et al. Ultrasound surveillance for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis C[J]. Hepatol Int, 2009, 3(4): 544-550. DOI: 10.1007/s12072-009-9145-y.
    [295]
    DEL POGGIO P, OLMI S, CICCARESE F, et al. A training program for primary care physicians improves the effectiveness of ultrasound surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2015, 27(9): 1103-1108. DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000404.
    [296]
    European Association for Study of Liver, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer. EASL-EORTC clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2012, 48(5): 599-641. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.12.021.
    [297]
    MORGAN TA, MATUREN KE, DAHIYA N, et al. US LI-RADS: ultrasound liver imaging reporting and data system for screening and surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018, 43(1): 41-55. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-017-1317-y.
    [298]
    KIM YY, AN C, KIM DY, et al. Failure of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance: inadequate echogenic window and macronodular parenchyma as potential culprits[J]. Ultrasonography, 2019, 38(4): 311-320. DOI: 10.14366/usg.18051.
    [299]
    CHOI JI, JUNG SE, JEONG WK, et al. Effectiveness of on-site education for quality assurance of screening ultrasonography for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Med Ultrason, 2016, 18(3): 275-280. DOI: 10.11152/mu.2013.2066.183.joo.
    [300]
    YOUNG DS. Effects of preanalytical variables on clinical laboratory tests[M]. LI Y, WANG CX, OU QS, et al, translate. The third edition. Beijing: People's Military Medical Publishing House, 2009. YOUNG DS.

    分析前因素对临床检验结果影响[M]. 李艳, 王传新, 欧启水, 等, 译. 3版. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2009.
    [301]
    WU JM. WS/T459-218. Common used serum tumor marker tests: clinical practice and quality management[R]. Beijing: National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, 2018.

    吴健民. WS/T459-2018常用血清肿瘤标志物检测的临床应用和质量管理[R]. 北京: 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会, 2018.
    [302]
    Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory Center of Ministry of Health, Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine. Suggestions on clinical application of tumor markers[J]. Chin J Lab Med, 2012, 35(2): 103-116. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-9158.2012.02.003.

    中华医学会检验分会, 卫生部临床检验中心, 中华检验医学杂志编辑委员会. 肿瘤标志物的临床应用建议[J]. 中华检验医学杂志, 2012, 35(2): 103-116. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-9158.2012.02.003.
    [303]
    SHANG H. WS/T 645.2-2018. Reference intervals for common clinical immunology tests— Part 2: Serum α-fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, carbohydrate antigen 15-3, carbohydrate antigen 125[R]. Beijing: National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, 2018.

    尚红. WS/T 645.2-2018. 临床常用免疫学检验项目参考区间第2部分: 血清甲胎蛋白、胚胎抗原、糖链抗原19-9、糖链抗原15-3、糖链抗原125[R]. 北京: 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会, 2018.
    [304]
    NIU AJ, DU LT, JING X, et al. Application status and suggestions of tumor markers in different detection systems[J]. Chin J Clin Lab Sci, 2021, 39(3): 161-164. DOI: 10.13602/j.cnki.jcls.2021.03.01.

    牛爱军, 杜鲁涛, 靖旭, 等. 肿瘤标志物在不同检测系统间的应用现状及建议[J]. 临床检验杂志, 2021, 39(3): 161-164. DOI: 10.13602/j.cnki.jcls.2021.03.01.
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Tables(10)

    Article Metrics

    Article views (3455) PDF downloads(1082) Cited by()
    Proportional views
    Related

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return