A growing body of literature highlights the cross- talk between tumor cells and the surrounding peritumoral stroma as a key modulator in the development, invasion, and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC) . Hepatic stellate cells ( HSC) , an important component in the microenvironment of HCC, play an important role in the development and progression of “inflammation- fibrosis / cirrhosis-tumor”. The origin and activation of HSC, as well as the effects of HSC and their cytokines on the immune response in the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of HCC, are reviewed. It is thought that HSC are not only a“hotbed”for tumor growth, but also help resist the tumor tracing and elimination mechanism of the immune system. Therefore, it is worth developing treatments targeting the tumor microenvironment when the single anti- cancer therapy is ineffective.
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