Clinical efficacy and safety of Danshu Capsule in treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones

Xuelian PENG; Xiaoqing XU; Qin CAO

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.09.025

Volume 38 Issue 9

Sep. 2022

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Article Navigation > Journal of Clinical Hepatology > 2022 > 38(9): 2084-2090

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Clinical efficacy and safety of Danshu Capsule in treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.09.025

Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo District Central Hospital, Shanghai 200062, China

Research funding:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81603468)

More Information

Corresponding author: CAO Qin, taihefuxiaokui@163.com(ORCID: 0000-0003-1748-3451)
Received Date: 2021-06-15
Accepted Date: 2021-07-21
Published Date: 2022-09-20

Abstract

Abstract

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Danshu Capsule in the treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones through a large-sample, multicenter, open-label real-world research. Methods A total of 9579 patients with chronic cholecystitis and/or gallstones who were treated in 329 hospitals of China from January 2017 to December 2019 were enrolled and divided into gallstones group with 1148 patients, chronic cholecystitis group with 5360 patients, and chronic cholecystitis+gallstones group with 3071 patients.All patients were treated with oral administration of Danshu Capsule at a frequency of 1-2 capsules/time, three times a day after meals, for 4 consecutive weeks.Abdominal pain, biliary dyspepsia, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndromes, and imaging findings of the biliary system were recorded before and after treatment to evaluate the efficacy of medication, and adverse drug reactions were monitored to evaluate the safety of Danshu Capsule.The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data before and after treatment, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison between any two groups.The paired chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data before and after treatment; the Kruskal-Wallis H method was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the Logistic regression analysis and the Nemenyi test was used for further comparison between two groups. Results After treatment with Danshu Capsule, all patients had significant reductions in the overall incidence rate of pain induced by lipid meal (χ²=32.422, P < 0.001), the frequency, duration, and degree of pain (Z=-1.985, -2.887, and-3.178, all P < 0.05), the symptom scores of abdominal distension, abdominal fullness, belching, and nausea (all P < 0.001), and the total symptom score of biliary dyspepsia (Z=-4.128, P < 0.001);there were also significant reductions in the TCM syndrome scores of right upper quadrant pain, bitter taste, acid regurgitation, chest distress, abdominal distension, poor appetite, and heaviness of limbs (all P < 0.05) and a significant reduction in total TCM syndrome score (Z=3.860, P < 0.001).Subgroup analysis showed that after treatment, the gallstones group, the chronic cholecystitis group, and the chronic cholecystitis+gallstones group had significant reductions in the degree, frequency, and duration of pain, the symptom score of biliary dyspepsia, and TCM syndrome score (all P < 0.05), as well as a significant reduction in the number of patients with pain induced by lipid meal (P < 0.001).The chronic cholecystitis group had significantly greater reductions in the score of pain frequency, the score of pain duration, the score of pain degree compared with the other two groups (all P < 0.05).Ultrasound examination showed that after treatment, all patients had significant reductions in poor sound transmission of gallbladder, gallbladder wall thickness, incidence rate of gallbladder wall thickening or roughness, and the number and size of gallstones (all P < 0.05).Danshu Capsule showed an overall response rate of 74.75% in the treatment of gallbladder wall lesion and an overall response rate of 67.40% in the treatment of gallstones.A total of 84 patients reported adverse events, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, and the overall incidence rate of adverse reactions was 0.87%. Conclusion Danshu Capsule can significantly alleviate the symptom of pain and improve the symptoms of biliary dyspepsia, TCM syndrome, and gallbladder imaging findings in patients with chronic cholecystitis and/or gallstones, with a low incidence rate of adverse reactions, and therefore, it is a safe and effective drug for the treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones.
- Cholecystitis,
- Choledocholithiasis,
- Drug Therapy

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针对肝硬化上消化道出血，无论是传统的外科手术，还是内镜下治疗或经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的微创治疗，治疗时机是非常重要的，因而成功的预测出血风险则显得极为重要^[1-3]。因为乙型肝炎肝硬化的肝脏及脾脏在密度及血流灌注上存在特异性表现，因而ΔCT值具有特殊变化规律^[4]。笔者拟基于现有数据，寻找乙型肝炎肝硬化患者CT上的特征性表现，以建立肝硬化患者上消化道出血的预测模型，旨在预测出血风险，为治疗方案的制订提供理论依据。

1. 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析2015年1月—2021年6月天津市第一中心医院101例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的临床资料。年龄26~70周岁，平均年龄50岁，其中男85例，女16例。所有患者后期均接受肝脏移植手术，病理证实符合我国慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化诊断标准^[5]。纳入标准：年龄为18~70周岁乙型肝炎肝硬化患者。排除标准：合并其他类型肝病；长期大量饮酒史；合并肝癌；肝内存在动静脉瘘；干细胞治疗史；脾切除史；肝部分切除史；门奇静脉曲张断流手术史；门腔静脉分流手术史。根据是否出血，分为出血组(n=58)和非出血组(n=43)。

1.2 观察指标

出血组记录出血即刻的血清TBil、血清肌酐(Cr)、凝血时间、国际标准化比值(INR)、WBC、PLT等指标。并记录同时期强化CT检查测得的肝脏及脾脏平扫期(Plain)、动脉期(A)、门脉期(P)以及静脉期(V)的CT值，并计算各期间CT值的变化(ΔCT)，包括Δ动脉期－平扫期(ΔA-Plain)、Δ门脉期－平扫期(ΔP-Plain)、Δ静脉期－平扫期(ΔV-Plain)、Δ门脉期－动脉期(ΔP-A)、Δ静脉期－动脉期(ΔV-A)以及Δ静脉期－门脉期(ΔV-P)。非出血组记录肝移植评估时的实验室及影像学数据。

1.3 CT检查方法

所有患者均使用SOMATOM Definition Flash (Siemens Healthineers Co., Ltd，Germany) 128层螺旋CT进行扫描。参数设置为：管球电压120 kV，自动管电流200-420 mAs，扫描层厚5 mm，重建层厚1.2 mm，螺距0.8。使用双筒高压注射器自右肘正中静脉位置团注非离子型碘对比剂碘海醇注射液80 mL(350 mgI/mL)与生理盐水40 mL，团注速率为3.5 mL/s。动脉期采用团注智能跟踪启动扫描，对比剂团注后45~55 s进行门脉期扫描，70~75 s后行静脉期扫描。扫描后图像数据传输至工作站进行后处理。由同一名医生对于每例观察对象，于各个期像分别选取同一层面做为观察点进行CT值测量。为减少误差，观察点的选取需避开血管、胆管及韧带，同时为了减少观察点的差异，选取了该层面全部肝、脾组织的数据。

1.4 统计学方法

使用IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以x±s表示，两组间的比较使用t检验；偏态分布的计量资料以M(P₂₅~P₇₅)表示，两组间的比较使用Mann-Whitney U检验。使用logistic回归分析方法，预测相关危险因素。通过计算受试者工作特征曲线下的面积(AUC，或c-统计量)来评估模型辨别力，而模型校准则通过Hosmer-Lemeshow确定。在多变量logistic回归分析结果的基础上，使用Rstudio4.1.2软件的R包(rms)构建预测的列线图模型，并绘制相应的ROC曲线、校准曲线以及临床决策曲线。用Bootstrap重抽样(1000次迭代)进行内部验证。临床决策曲线可以描述列线图给出的净效益，有助于确定在该模型上做出临床决策是否利大于弊。P＜0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1 出血组与无出血组实验室指标比较

无出血组血清TBil、WBC、PLT与出血组比较，差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)；而两组Cr、INR比较，差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)(表 1)。

表 1 合并上消化道出血与无上消化道出血两组间各项实验室检查指标

Table 1. The difference of laboratory examination between the two groups with and without upper gastrointestinal bleeding

项目	非出血组(n=43)	出血组(n=58)	Z值	P值
TBil(μmol/L)	43.20(21.93~109.54)	27.74(18.88~56.63)	-2.284	0.022
Cr(μmol/L)	62.00(52.00~86.00)	64.96(58.57~75.25)	-0.289	0.773
INR	1.54(1.36~2.06)	1.49(1.28~1.78)	-1.202	0.229
WBC(×10⁹/L)	3.93(2.68~5.57)	2.80(1.95~3.60)	-3.197	0.001
PLT(×10⁹/L)	70.00(51.00~92.00)	52.50(37.00~77.00)	-2.865	0.004

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2.2 出血组与非出血组间肝脏及脾脏ΔCT的变化

两组在肝-Plain、脾-P-Plain、脾-P-A ΔCT值存在统计学差异(P值均＜0.05)，而肝脏在其他期像的CT值和各期间的ΔCT以及脾脏所有期像与ΔCT均无统计学差异(P值均＞0.05)(表 2)。

表 2 出血组与非出血组间肝脏及脾脏ΔCT的变化情况

Table 2. The difference of ΔCT of liver and spleen between the two groups with and without upper gastrointestinal bleeding

项目	非出血组(n=43)	出血组(n=58)	统计值	P值
肝-Plain	51.70±6.77	56.28±5.13	t=-3.870	＜0.001
肝-A	62.28±6.84	64.88±6.34	t=-1.971	0.052
肝-P	85.67±13.83	86.48±11.23	t=-0.324	0.747
肝-V	92.88±12.19	94.19±12.19	t=-0.532	0.596
肝-A-Plain	9.00(8.00~15.00)	9.00(4.00~12.00)	Z=-1.848	0.065
肝-P-Plain	30.00(27.00~41.00)	30.00(21.75~37.25)	Z=-1.395	0.163
肝-V-Plain	41.19±11.37	37.91±10.64	t=1.484	0.141
肝-P-A	20.00(16.00~30.00)	21.00(15.00~27.00)	Z=-0.426	0.670
肝-V-A	30.60±12.20	29.31±10.82	t=0.563	0.575
肝-V-P	7.21±8.23	7.71±9.22	t=-0.281	0.780
脾-Plain	45.00±3.16	46.02±3.05	t=-1.634	0.105
脾-A	81.00(71.00~90.00)	82.50(73.00~93.25)	Z=-0.722	0.470
脾-P	116.81±23.81	110.07±16.44	t=1.684	0.095
脾-V	105.81±17.73	103.16±14.02	t=0.836	0.405
脾-A-Plain	37.09±14.02	38.00±14.01	t=-0.322	0.748
脾-P-Plain	71.81±22.58	64.05±16.43	t=2.012	0.047
脾-V-Plain	60.81±16.80	57.14±14.15	t=1.192	0.236
脾-P-A	34.72±16.39	26.05±17.00	t=2.577	0.011
脾-V-A	23.72±13.16	19.14±17.50	t=1.441	0.153
脾-V-P	-9.00(-17.00~-4.00)	-8.00(-11.00~-2.75)	Z=-1.836	0.066

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2.3 乙型肝炎肝硬化上消化道出血的危险因素分析及预测模型的建立

综合上述指标，发现乙型肝炎肝硬化患者WBC、PLT、肝-Plain、脾-P-Plain、脾-P-A ΔCT值在两组间具有统计学差异(P值均＜0.05)；应用多因素logistic分析结果显示PLT、肝-Plain、脾-P-A间ΔCT值为上消化道出血的独立危险因素(P值均＜0.05) (表 3)。基于PLT、肝-Plain、脾-P-A间ΔCT值这3个危险因素，使用Rstudio4.1.2软件的R包(rms)构建预测乙型肝炎肝硬化上消化道出血的预测模型。该模型的AUC为0.801(95%CI：0.713~0.889)，敏感度是0.814，特异度是0.776。模型的校准曲线贴近理想曲线(斜率为1.007)。临床决策曲线显示构建的列线图做出的临床决策给患者带来的净收益高于所有患者的净收益，表明患者可以从模型中获益(图 1~3)。

表 3 上消化道出血单因素和多因素的logistic分析结果

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

参数	单因素分析			多因素分析
参数	OR值	95%CI	P值	OR值	95%CI	P值
WBC	0.770	0.624~0.952	0.016
PLT	0.979	0.965~0.994	0.006	0.968	0.944~0.993	0.011
肝-Plain	1.142	1.058~1.233	0.001	1.148	1.047~1.259	0.003
脾-V-Plain	0.979	0.959~1.000	0.050
脾-P-A	0.968	0.944~0.994	0.015	0.951	0.908~0.995	0.030

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图 1 用于预测乙型肝炎肝硬化患者发生上消化道出血的列线图

注：为了使用列线图，单个患者的值位于每个变量轴上，并向上绘制一条线以确定每个变量值接收到的点数。这些数字的总和位于总点轴上，并向下画一条线到概率轴以预测发生上消化道出血的可能性。

Figure 1. Nomogram for predicting upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis

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图 2 模型的ROC曲线以及校准曲线

注：a, 列线图的ROC曲线; b, 预测模型的校准曲线。

Figure 2. ROC curve and calibration curve of the model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 临床决策曲线

注：灰色实线, 治疗所有患者的净收益; 黑色实线, 不治疗患者的净收益; 红线, 根据构建的列线图做出临床决策给患者带来的净收益。

Figure 3. Clinical decision curve

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3. 讨论

上消化道出血是肝硬化最常见的并发症之一，也是导致患者死亡的主要原因之一^[6]。准确的判断出血风险是制订临床决策的关键因素。首选的检查方法是内镜检查，既可以直观的看到食道胃底静脉的曲张程度，也能发现胃黏膜病变以及溃疡的存在。但是内镜检查同样也有一定的局限性，比如患者拒绝有创检查；危重患者不具备检查条件等。因此需要更加简便且准确的方法。CT及核磁检查可以反映静脉曲张、脾肾分流等情况，可以对上消化道出血的风险预测起到帮助，但也存在影像学表现与临床不符以及无法量化的缺点。Yan等^[7]研究发现肝脾体积比是门静脉高压以及上消化道出血的危险因素，并以此为基础构建了预测模型，该模型的敏感度为92.9%，特异度为87.0%。Yang等^[8]研究发现肝脾体积比、脾脏扩大比以及AST是上消化道出血的危险因素，同样也建立了预测模型，该模型的敏感度为94.6%，特异度为84.9%。这些研究均对于肝硬化患者的上消化道出血风险进行了很好的预测。

本研究发现，上消化道出血的发生与PLT减少存在密切联系，而肝硬化时PLT下降的主要原因是由于脾大、脾功能亢进。而脾脏增大也是门静脉高压的直接表现，进一步证实了上消化道出血与门静脉高压之间的关系。

通过灌注CT的研究^[9]证实，肝硬化时肝脏在动脉期及门静脉期呈现了高血流灌注的状态。本研究发现两组间脾脏动脉期CT值相近，而出血组脾脏的门脉期CT值则更低，造成脾脏门脉期－动脉期的ΔCT的统计学差异。这说明肝硬化合并上消化道出血患者的脾脏处于血流高循环的状态，增加了门静脉高压，进而更具有出血倾向。

本结果显示合并上消化道出血患者血清总胆红素、白细胞、血小板、肝脏平扫期、脾脏门脉期－平扫期、脾脏门脉期－动脉期间ΔCT值存在统计学差异。应用多因素logistic分析结果显示血小板、肝脏平扫期、脾脏门脉期－动脉期间ΔCT值为上消化道出血的独立危险因素。基于上述结果，使用Rstudio4.1.2软件的R包(rms)构建乙型肝炎肝硬化上消化道出血的预测模型。此模型预测上消化道出血的敏感度是81.4%，特异度是77.6%，对于上消化道出血具有良好的预测能力。将这一研究结果应用于临床，将有效的预测上消化道出血风险，为外科手术、内镜及经颈静脉肝内门体分流术等治疗的临床决策提供依据。

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Clinical efficacy and safety of Danshu Capsule in treatment of chronic cholecystitis and gallstones

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2022.09.025