中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R
Issue 9
Sep.  2015

Effects of Helicobacter pylori infection on common lethal factors for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis

DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2015.09.018
Research funding:

 

  • Published Date: 2015-09-20
  • Objective To study the relationship between Helicobacter pylori( H. pylori) infection and common lethal factors for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis( HBC). Methods A total of 235 patients with HBC who were admitted to our hospitals from October 2008 to October 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. The infection rate of H. pylori in those patients was calculated. In the 155 patients with esophagogastric varices and 97 patients with portal hypertensive gastropathy( PHG),the infection rate of H. pylori was compared between those with different degrees of esophagogastric varices or PHG. In the 32 patients whose blood ammonia was determined,the level of blood ammonia was compared between H. pylori-positive and-negative groups. Between-group comparison of continuous data was performed by t test and analysis of variance,and between-group comparison of categorical data was performed by χ2test. Results The infection rate of H. pylori in the 235 patients with HBC was 80. 85%( 190 /235). In the 155 patients with esophagogastric varices,who had tortuous serpentine uplift or bead-like changes of esophageal varices and tumor-like changes( with or without gastric erosion) of gastric varices visible under endoscopy,there was significant difference in infection rate of H. pylori between patients with mild,moderate,and severe varices( 50. 55%( 46 /91) vs 43. 59%( 17 /39) vs 76%( 19 /25),χ2= 6. 913,P < 0. 05). In the 97 patients with PHG,who had snake skin-like changes,cherry red spots,scarlet rash,and erosion bleeding of gastric mucosa visible under endoscopy,there was significant difference in infection rate of H. pylori between patients with mild and severe PHG( 43. 33%( 26 /60) vs 67. 57%( 25 /37),χ2= 5. 391,P < 0. 05). In patients whose blood ammonia was determined,patients in H. pylori-positive group had a significantly higher average concentration of blood ammonia than those in H. pylori-negative group( 62. 76 ± 13. 43 vs 47. 20 ± 12. 51 μmol / L,t = 3. 39,P < 0. 01). Conclusion The infection rate of H. pylori is high in patients with HBC. The H. pylori infection is likely to increase the severity of esophagogastric varices and PHG,as well as the blood ammonia level,which further increases the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy that are the main lethal factors for HBC.

     

  • 肝细粒棘球蚴病(hepatic cystic echinococcosis,HCE)又称囊型肝包虫病,是由细粒棘球绦虫的幼虫寄生于人或动物体内引起的人兽共患的寄生虫病,呈世界性分布,包括非洲、南美洲、中亚等多个地区[1]。在我国以西部地区的新疆、青海、宁夏、甘肃、西藏、四川、内蒙古等地流行为主,平均患病率为1.08%[2]

    我国慢性HBV感染者约7000万[3],2006年调研显示HCV感染者约1000万[4]。慢性病毒性肝炎发展为肝硬化和肝细胞癌(HCC)的风险更高,故将HBV和HCV归类为“癌病毒”[5]。但是慢性肝炎病毒感染发展至肝硬化、HCC的机制复杂,此病程很难有效延缓或逆转。

    囊型肝包虫病、肝炎病毒感染均为免疫相关性疾病,其病程的发生、发展均与机体的免疫应答有密切的关系[6-7]。新疆地区是肝包虫病与肝炎病毒感染的流行地区[1, 8],但在临床工作中发现囊型肝包虫病鲜有与肝癌共患的现象,手术中笔者也发现肝包虫合并肝炎的肝脏与同期肝炎患者肝脏相比,质地较软,很少有肝硬化结节形成。两种疾病之间是否互相影响,目前尚不清楚。因此本研究收集囊型肝包虫患者病例资料,以进一步明确囊型肝包虫病与慢性HBV/HCV感染、肝硬化、HCC的共患状态。

    收集2003年—2019年石河子大学医学院第一附属医院住院部收治的401例囊型肝包虫病患者及72例单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染者资料。纳入标准:(1)符合囊型肝包虫病诊断的常规就诊患者;(2)共患病病例需符合慢性HBV/HCV感染、肝硬化、HCC诊断标准;(3)单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染病例符合慢性HBV/HCV感染诊断标准及匹配条件;(4)病例资料完整、齐全,符合质控要求的病例。

    (1) 肝包虫诊断符合《2006年国家包虫病诊断标准(WS257-2006)》,从患者流行病学、临床表现、影像学检查、免疫学检查及手术病理标本等方面综合判断确定的肝包虫临床病例[9];(2)慢性HBV/HCV感染诊断符合《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015年更新版)》、《慢性丙型肝炎防治指南(2015版)》[10-11];(3)肝硬化诊断符合《肝硬化诊治指南》[12];(4)HCC诊断符合《原发性肝癌诊疗规范(2017年版)》[13]

    由经过专门培训的调查员收集囊型肝包虫病例资料中患者性别、年龄、民族、生活习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史)、实验室检查(肝功能、甲型/乙型/丙型肝炎检测)等数据,了解囊型肝包虫病与HBV/HCV感染、肝硬化、HCC共患病状态。

    选取囊型肝包虫合并慢性HBV/HCV感染病例为共患病组,根据共患病组患者的病毒感染类型、病毒感染病程、性别、年龄、生活习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史)、抗病毒治疗情况,按1∶2匹配单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染患者为对照组,分析两组病毒感染状态、肝硬化、HCC的疾病构成。单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染组匹配条件:(1)病毒感染类型一致;(2)病毒感染病程、抗病毒治疗、性别、年龄、生活习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史)构成比与共患病组差异无统计学意义;(3)排除有其他可导致肝脏异常的疾病。

    对肝包虫合并慢性HBV/HCV感染病例与单纯肝包虫病例中包虫分型进行比较。

    所有数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行统计。计数资料两组之间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

    401例囊型肝包虫患者中男228例(56.9%),女173例(43.1%),年龄4~91岁,主要以20~50岁患者为主,有209例(52.1%),其次是51~70岁患者,有111例(27.7%),< 20岁12例(3%),>70岁69例(17.2%)。其中汉族318例(79.3%),哈萨克族33例(8.2%),回族31例(7.7%),维吾尔族17例(4.2%), 蒙古族2例(0.5%)。既往有长期饮酒史84例(20.9%),有长期吸烟史123例(30.7%)。

    401例囊型肝包虫患者中合并慢性HBV/HCV感染患者38例(9.5%),其中肝包虫合并慢性HBV感染21例(5.2%),肝包虫合并慢性HCV感染15例(3.7%),肝包虫同时合并慢性HBV感染和慢性HCV感染2例(0.5%);肝包虫合并肝硬化4例(1%),其中慢性HBV感染后肝硬化1例(0.25%)、慢性HBV、HCV共感染后肝硬化1例(0.25%),其他原因肝硬化2例(0.5%);合并HBV/HCV感染后HCC 0例,其他原因肝癌1例(0.25%)。

    共患病组与单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染组性别、年龄、肝炎病程、生活习惯(吸烟史、饮酒史)、抗病毒治疗方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。共患病组的慢性HBV感染者中非活动性HBsAg携带患者占81%,HBeAg阳性CHB患者占9.5%,HBeAg阴性CHB患者占9.5%;单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染组的HBV感染者中非活动性HBsAg携带患者占43%,HBeAg阳性CHB患者占33%,HBeAg阴性CHB患者占19%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.033);共患病组中HCV感染者的HCV RNA转阴率为73%,与单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染组HCV感染者(40%)比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.035);共患病组肝硬化占比5.2%,HCC占比0,单纯慢性HBV/HCV感染组肝硬化占比18.4%,HCC占比5.2%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.048)(表 1)。

    表  1  肝包虫病对HBV/HCV感染状态及病程影响的比较
    指标 共患病组(n=38) 单纯肝炎组(n=76) χ2 P
    性别[例(%)] 0.476 0.490
    26(68) 47(62)
    12(32) 29(38)
    年龄[例(%)] 0.121 0.728
    < 35岁 6(16) 14(18)
    ≥35岁 32(84) 62(82)
    肝炎病程[例(%)] 0.650 0.723
    <10年 12(31) 19(25)
    10~20年 20(53) 42(55)
    >20年 6(16) 15(20)
    饮酒史[例(%)] 1.160 0.281
    7(18) 21(28)
    31(82) 55(72)
    吸烟史[例(%)] 3.254 0.071
    9(24) 31(41)
    29(76) 45(59)
    规律抗病毒治疗[例(%)] 3.109 0.078
    2(5) 13(17)
    36(95) 63(83)
    慢性HBV感染[例(%)] 21(55) 42(55) 0.033
    慢性HBV携带状态 0(0) 2(5)
    HBeAg阳性CHB 2(9.5) 14(33)
    非活动性HBsAg携带 17(81) 18(43)
    HBeAg阴性CHB 2(9.5) 8(19)
    慢性HCV感染[例(%)] 15(40) 30(40) 4.447 0.035
    HCV RNA阳性 4(27) 18(60)
    HCV RNA转阴 11(73) 12(40)
    慢性HBV、HCV共感染[例(%)] 2(5) 4(5) 1.000
    HBeAg阴性CHB,HCV RNA阳性 1(50) 1(25)
    非活动性HBsAg携带,HCV RNA阴性 1(50) 1(25)
    非活动性HBsAg携带,HCV RNA阳性 0(0) 2(50)
    病情进展[例(%)] 0.048
    单纯HBV/HCV感染 36(95) 58(76)
    合并肝硬化 2(5) 14(18)
    合并肝癌 0(0) 4(5)
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    合并HBV/HCV感染的肝包虫和单纯肝包虫的分型构成比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),肝包虫合并HBV/HCV感染后并未发生集中在某型或向某型偏倚(表 2)。

    表  2  肝包虫分型情况
    包虫分型 共患病患者(n=38) 单纯肝包虫患者(n=363)
    单囊型(CL、CE1) 6 81
    多子囊型(CE2) 14 155
    内囊塌陷型(CE3) 5 52
    实变型(CE4) 6 44
    钙化型(CE5) 7 31
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    肝细粒棘球蚴病(囊型肝包虫病)是由细粒棘球绦虫的幼虫感染人体而形成的一种寄生虫良性病变,病程较长,部分可随自然病程的进展钙化死亡[14],而因HBV和HCV持续感染导致的病毒性肝炎患者主要结局是肝硬化和HCC。目前在我国慢性HBV感染约7000万,其中发展为CHB患者2000~3000万,因输血导致的慢性HCV感染者肝硬化发生率为18%~30%[3-4],肝硬化和HCC患者中, 由HBV/HCV感染所致者分别为77%和84%[15],可见慢性HBV/HCV感染后疾病进一步进展的比例是较高的。而本次调查401例囊型肝包虫病患者,合并慢性HBV/HCV感染38例,其中仅有2例HBV/HCV感染后肝硬化(5.2%),而HBV/HCV感染后HCC患者为0。进一步回顾共患病患者,与匹配的单纯HBV/HCV感染者对比,发现共患病组中病毒感染状态为非活动状态比例较高,CHB患者比例下降,HCV RNA转阴率升高,两组病毒感染状态的构成比差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05),因此不除外是囊型肝包虫的存在导致了HBV/HCV感染状态的构成比发生了改变,但仍需大样本、前瞻性的队列研究进一步证实。

    囊型肝包虫病、慢性肝炎病毒感染、肝硬化、HCC均为免疫相关疾病。肝炎病毒感染后发生肝炎-肝硬化-HCC的病程中,一个重要因素是通过影响不同的免疫细胞,使多种细胞因子共同参与下发生的,例如肝炎病毒影响下T淋巴细胞异常免疫攻击形成慢性肝损伤[16-17];抑制辅助性T淋巴细胞(Th)1免疫,增强Th2免疫[18-19];刺激巨噬细胞分泌TGFβ和IL-10[20];使活化的肝星状细胞免受攻击,加重肝脏的纤维化[21]等,具体机制不明且复杂。而机体在细粒棘球蚴感染后,可导致机体产生复杂的抗原-抗体免疫反应,该免疫反应在体内持续存在,同时囊型肝包虫对免疫系统的影响也体现在与肝炎密切相关的免疫细胞上[22]。当两者共存时,可使机体免疫反应更为复杂,目前尚不明确。有动物实验[23]发现,在囊型肝包虫影响下的免疫环境,对肺癌有一定的抑制作用,但肝包虫是否会对肝炎性HCC产生作用,仍需进一步研究。

    本研究为单中心研究,包虫病例数量有限,需要进一步完善多中心研究,来进一步明确肝细粒棘球蚴对肝炎、肝硬化、HCC的影响,同时囊型肝包虫合并病毒性肝炎患者的转归也需要一定时间进一步随访,从而得到更高级别的证据。

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    Created with Highcharts 5.0.7Chart context menuAccess Area Distribution其他: 6.8 %其他: 6.8 %其他: 0.2 %其他: 0.2 %Russian Federation: 0.2 %Russian Federation: 0.2 %San Lorenzo: 1.4 %San Lorenzo: 1.4 %San Mateo: 0.2 %San Mateo: 0.2 %上海: 2.4 %上海: 2.4 %东莞: 0.2 %东莞: 0.2 %保定: 0.2 %保定: 0.2 %兰州: 0.9 %兰州: 0.9 %北京: 4.1 %北京: 4.1 %南京: 0.2 %南京: 0.2 %南宁: 1.2 %南宁: 1.2 %卡纳塔克: 0.3 %卡纳塔克: 0.3 %呼和浩特: 0.2 %呼和浩特: 0.2 %哥伦布: 0.2 %哥伦布: 0.2 %商洛: 0.3 %商洛: 0.3 %嘉兴: 0.5 %嘉兴: 0.5 %天津: 0.3 %天津: 0.3 %太原: 0.5 %太原: 0.5 %奥克兰: 0.2 %奥克兰: 0.2 %孟买: 0.5 %孟买: 0.5 %安卡拉: 0.3 %安卡拉: 0.3 %宜宾: 0.2 %宜宾: 0.2 %常州: 0.3 %常州: 0.3 %常德: 0.2 %常德: 0.2 %广州: 0.2 %广州: 0.2 %开罗: 0.3 %开罗: 0.3 %弗吉: 0.2 %弗吉: 0.2 %张家口: 6.0 %张家口: 6.0 %张掖: 0.3 %张掖: 0.3 %徐州: 0.7 %徐州: 0.7 %成都: 0.9 %成都: 0.9 %抚顺: 0.2 %抚顺: 0.2 %拉斯维加斯: 0.2 %拉斯维加斯: 0.2 %新德里: 0.3 %新德里: 0.3 %无锡: 0.2 %无锡: 0.2 %昆明: 0.7 %昆明: 0.7 %昌吉: 0.2 %昌吉: 0.2 %河内: 0.9 %河内: 0.9 %泸州: 0.9 %泸州: 0.9 %济南: 0.3 %济南: 0.3 %济宁: 0.2 %济宁: 0.2 %海得拉巴: 0.9 %海得拉巴: 0.9 %深圳: 0.2 %深圳: 0.2 %湘潭: 0.2 %湘潭: 0.2 %罗奥尔凯埃: 0.2 %罗奥尔凯埃: 0.2 %芒廷维尤: 40.0 %芒廷维尤: 40.0 %芝加哥: 0.3 %芝加哥: 0.3 %苏州: 0.2 %苏州: 0.2 %莫斯科: 1.4 %莫斯科: 1.4 %蚌埠: 0.2 %蚌埠: 0.2 %衡水: 0.2 %衡水: 0.2 %西宁: 14.4 %西宁: 14.4 %西安: 0.7 %西安: 0.7 %诺伊达: 0.2 %诺伊达: 0.2 %贵阳: 0.2 %贵阳: 0.2 %费利蒙: 0.5 %费利蒙: 0.5 %运城: 1.7 %运城: 1.7 %邢台: 0.3 %邢台: 0.3 %郑州: 0.9 %郑州: 0.9 %重庆: 1.0 %重庆: 1.0 %钦州: 0.2 %钦州: 0.2 %镇江: 0.2 %镇江: 0.2 %长春: 1.4 %长春: 1.4 %长沙: 0.3 %长沙: 0.3 %青岛: 0.2 %青岛: 0.2 %其他其他Russian FederationSan LorenzoSan Mateo上海东莞保定兰州北京南京南宁卡纳塔克呼和浩特哥伦布商洛嘉兴天津太原奥克兰孟买安卡拉宜宾常州常德广州开罗弗吉张家口张掖徐州成都抚顺拉斯维加斯新德里无锡昆明昌吉河内泸州济南济宁海得拉巴深圳湘潭罗奥尔凯埃芒廷维尤芝加哥苏州莫斯科蚌埠衡水西宁西安诺伊达贵阳费利蒙运城邢台郑州重庆钦州镇江长春长沙青岛

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