The development of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) in 1974 ushered in a new era for convenient and minimally invasive removal of common bile duct stones.As the years progressed and clinical application of this method increased, improved endoscopic technologies were developed to provide ever safer and more effective removal.This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the progressive techniques, from the endoscopic papillary sphincter balloon dilatation and endoscopic mechanical lithotripsy procedures introduced in the 1980s to the very recent attempts with direct-vision electrohydraulic and laser lithotripsy procedures.
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