中文English
ISSN 1001-5256 (Print)
ISSN 2097-3497 (Online)
CN 22-1108/R

2023 No.8
Theme Issue: A New Understanding of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease
Executive Chief Editor: FAN Jiangao  
Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine

Display Method:
Editorial
Should antiviral treatment be initiated for chronic hepatitis B patients with high-normal alanine aminotransferase?
Xinjie LI, Tao SHEN, Hui ZHUANG
2023, 39(8): 1769-1774. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.001
Abstract(1016) HTML (238) PDF (1773KB)(226)
Abstract:
Current guidelines recommend antiviral treatment for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and positive HBV DNA. However, more and more studies have shown that CHB patients with high-normal ALT 0.5 to 1 times the upper limit of normal have significant necroi...
A new understanding of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its rename
Ruixu YANG, Jiangao FAN
2023, 39(8): 1775-1779. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.002
Abstract(828) HTML (320) PDF (1666KB)(285)
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a metabolic disease with multisystem involvement and is closely associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility. At present, NAFLD has become the most common chronic liver disease in China and worldwide. This article reviews the hot topics of...
Expert Forum
Diagnosis and evaluation of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Xinyuan ZHANG, Yu LIU, Wenling WANG, Rongkuan LI
2023, 39(8): 1780-1788. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.003
Abstract(1716) HTML (323) PDF (1717KB)(321)
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of liver disease, and its incidence rate continues to increase globally. NAFLD includes nonalcoholic steatosis and can further progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. So far, li...
Progress of lifestyle interventions for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Tongtong JI, Xinfei LI, Yanyan YU, Xiaoyuan XU, Jinghang XU
2023, 39(8): 1789-1796. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.004
Abstract(832) HTML (328) PDF (1706KB)(188)
Abstract:
The global prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is as high as 25%-30%. MAFLD is closely associated with the morbidity and mortality of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, extrahepatic malignancies, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases, resulting...
Chronic hepatitis B comorbid with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Contemporary insights and controversies
Tao YANG, Jun LI
2023, 39(8): 1797-1804. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.005
Abstract(768) HTML (156) PDF (1704KB)(202)
Abstract:
In China, a substantial number of patients suffer from chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and the incidence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing in recent years, with a tendency of increase in the prevalence rate of CHB and NAFLD. Since the outcome of CHB or NAFLD is liver ci...
Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites in the development, progression, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Yongqiang LI, Wenjuan TANG, Yongjian ZHOU
2023, 39(8): 1805-1810. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.006
Abstract(1072) HTML (380) PDF (1684KB)(232)
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease around the world. There is a close structural and functional relationship between the liver and the intestine, namely "the gut-liver axis", in which intestinal microbiota can participate in the development and progress...
Guideline
Guidelines for identification, management, and assessment of drug-induced liver injury in clinical trials
Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medicine Products Administration
2023, 39(8): 1811-1816. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.007
Abstract(628) HTML (524) PDF (1750KB)(183)
Abstract:
An excerpt of use of albumin infusion for cirrhosis-related complications: an international position statement in 2022
Zhaohui BAI, Yongping YANG, Li YANG, Xingshun QI
2023, 39(8): 1817-1818. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.008
Abstract(692) HTML (225) PDF (1625KB)(177)
Abstract:
Recently, 33 investigators from 19 countries with expertise in managing cirrhosis-related complications have proposed 12 international position statements regarding the use of human albumin infusion for cirrhosis-related complications after a three-round Delphi consensus process. This article gives ...
Original Article_Viral Hepatitis
Effect of pegylated interferon α-2b on serum HBsAg clearance rate in treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B
Kuan LI, Huibin NING, Huiming JIN, Zhen PENG, Jia SHANG
2023, 39(8): 1819-1824. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.009
Abstract(972) HTML (289) PDF (1687KB)(148)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the effect of pegylated interferon α-2b (PEG-IFNα-2b) on HBsAg clearance in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in a real-world setting. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 411 CHB patients who attended Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincia...
Value of serum PreS1 in early prediction of HBsAg clearance after IFN-α treatment in children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
Peiyao FAN, Fuchuan WANG, Yinjie GAO, Zhiqiang XU, Yi DONG, Jianguo YAN, Lili CAO, Danni FENG, Yanwei ZHONG, Min ZHANG
2023, 39(8): 1825-1831. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.010
Abstract(454) HTML (154) PDF (2264KB)(40)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of PreS1 level in predicting HBsAg clearance in children with HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) after 48 weeks of IFN-α treatment. Methods A total of 88 children with HBeAg-positive CHB, aged 1-16 years, who received 48 weeks of IFN-α treatment from June 201...
Predictive value of anti-HBs+anti-HBe for seroconversion of HBeAg in patients with positive HBsAg/HBeAg/anti-HBc
Yafeng TAN, Fenglan SUN, Wei XIA, Yaoling OUYANG, Chengbin LI, Zhenxia CHEN, Song WU, Yunyun YU, Tao JIANG
2023, 39(8): 1832-1840. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.011
Abstract(442) HTML (301) PDF (2625KB)(40)
Abstract:
Objective To establish a predictive model for HBeAg seroconversion in patients with positive HBsAg/HBeAg/anti- HBc and anti-HBe, and to investigate the predictive value of this model. Methods A total of 6 055 patients with hepatitis B who received the quantification of the serum markers for hepatiti...
Value of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in predicting the short-term prognosis of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure
Lin LIU, Ling WANG, Shanhong TANG
2023, 39(8): 1841-1847. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.012
Abstract(458) HTML (106) PDF (1966KB)(38)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the value of monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (MHR) in predicting the short-term prognosis of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF). Methods A total of 131 patients with HBV-ACLF who were hospitalized in Depar...
Differentially expressed microRNAs in plasma exosomes from patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure: A bioinformatics analysis
Shuyang ZHANG, Yanzhen BI, Shousheng LIU, Sheng LIU, Yongning XIN
2023, 39(8): 1848-1856. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.013
Abstract(507) HTML (153) PDF (5016KB)(23)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the differences in plasma exosomal microRNA (miRNA) expression profile between patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and those with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF), as well as their functions and biological processes, and to provide a re...
Original Article_Fatty Liver Disease
Construction and analysis of a noninvasive diagnostic model for steatohepatitis in metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Zhiheng CHEN, Bowen GAO, Bei GUI, Meijie SHI, Huanming XIAO, Yubao XIE, Sheng LI, Xiaoling CHI
2023, 39(8): 1857-1866. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.014
Abstract(582) HTML (204) PDF (2592KB)(104)
Abstract:
Objective To establish a diagnostic model for steatohepatitis in metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) based on LASSO and logistic regression analyses by using general clinical data, serological parameters, and noninvasive liver elastography, and to evaluate the diagnostic value of this m...
Association of 25-hydro xyvitamin D and ferritin with metabolic associated fatty liver disease and fibrosis-4 index
Wenhao LI, Zhiping LIU, Zhiwei ZHAO, Jinhua ZHANG
2023, 39(8): 1867-1873. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.015
Abstract(494) HTML (121) PDF (2200KB)(54)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and serum ferritin (SF) with metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 595 patients who were hospitalized in De...
Influence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease on the degree of carotid stenosis
Zimeng JIANG, Yuhang CHEN, Zhijiao ZHANG, Mengyao ZHENG, Weihua LI, Hua HUANG, Gongfang ZHAO
2023, 39(8): 1874-1879. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.016
Abstract(382) HTML (110) PDF (1685KB)(34)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the influence of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) on carotid stenosis. Methods This study was conducted among the patients who underwent abdominal ultrasound and cervical vascular ultrasound at the same time during hospitalization in Department of Gastroenter...
Original Article_Liver fibrosis and liver cirrhosis
Clinical value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in the diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Feixiang XIONG, Peipei MENG, Yuyong JIANG, Qin ZHANG, Yandan JIANG, Haoxin DUAN, Saisai ZHAO
2023, 39(8): 1880-1885. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.017
Abstract(450) HTML (107) PDF (1848KB)(37)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the clinical value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR) in determining spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 329 ALC patients with SBP who were hospitalized in Beijing Ditan...
Mechanism of action of sphingosine kinase 1 inhibitor in a rat model of liver fibrosis
Yan WANG, Li MA, Xiong XIAO, Dongmei LEI, Fengru ZHAO, Liyuan GUO, Xiaozhong WANG
2023, 39(8): 1886-1894. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.018
Abstract(604) HTML (265) PDF (4489KB)(29)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibitor in different liver fibrosis models. Methods A total of 170 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal group (30 rats), HFE group (45 rats given high-fat emulsion), CCl4 group (45 rats induced by CCl4...
Original Article_Liver Neoplasm
Expression of miR-409-3p in hepatoma HepG2 cells and its mechanism in cell proliferation
Changqing WANG, Ling CHEN, Ping XU, Xiaojuan ZHU, Zheng LIU
2023, 39(8): 1895-1902. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.019
Abstract(543) HTML (154) PDF (2369KB)(32)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the expression and significance of miR-409-3p in hepatoma carcinoma cell lines and possible molecular mechanism. Methods Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the expression of miR-409-3p in normal LO2 hepatocytes and four hepatoma cell line (HepG2, BEL-7402, SMMC-7...
Original Article_Other Liver Disease
Efficacy of Astragali Radix extract in treatment of a mouse model of aristolochic acid Ⅰ-induced liver and renal injury by regulating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway
Gerui ZHU, Yani PI, Jing WANG, Kai HUANG, Yuan PENG, Gaofeng CHEN, Chenghai LIU, Yanyan TAO
2023, 39(8): 1903-1910. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.020
Abstract(683) HTML (134) PDF (2922KB)(45)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the mechanism of action of Astragali Radix (AR) extract in improving aristolochic acid Ⅰ (AA Ⅰ)-induced acute liver and renal injury in mice by regulating the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway. Methods A total of 38 healthy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal grou...
Original Article_Biliary Disease
Safety and efficacy of modified pancreatic duct stent in biliary drainage after complete bile duct stone removal by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Jialin LI, Likun REN, Xun RAN, Shaoxuan XIA, Yutong ZHOU, Xin HUANG, Min HAN
2023, 39(8): 1911-1918. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.021
Abstract(717) HTML (223) PDF (2008KB)(33)
Abstract:
Objective To investigate the clinical application value of modified 7Fr pancreatic duct plastic stent in biliary drainage. Methods Clinical data were collected from 121 patients with choledocholithiasis who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) lithotomy and biliary drainag...
Case Report
Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic duct stones with ectopic pancreas in the jejunum: A case report
Xiaokang YI, Ping TIAN, Qiuxi LI, Xuebin LIAO, Jian WEN
2023, 39(8): 1919-1921. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.022
Abstract(445) HTML (257) PDF (2002KB)(56)
Abstract:
This article reports a case of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic duct stones with ectopic pancreas in the jejunum and discusses its features and impact, including the possible impact of misdiagnosis. Since it was unable to identify the nature of the space-occupying lesion in the jejunum, resection...
Severe hyperbilirubinemia induced by hereditary spherocytosis: A case report
ABUDUSALAMU·Tuersunmaimaiti, Yunfei ZHANG, Gang YAO, SHADIKE·Apaer, TUERHONGJIANG·Tuxun, Hao WEN
2023, 39(8): 1922-1925. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.023
Abstract(723) HTML (177) PDF (2217KB)(80)
Abstract:
Hereditary spherocytosis is a type of hereditary hemolytic disease with human erythrocyte membrane defects and has the main symptoms of anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly. Since its clinical symptoms are not typical, misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis is often observed. At present, there are rare case...
Sepsis with spontaneous splenic rupture and hemorrhage: A case report
Zhou LIU, Wenfang XIA, Liying ZHAN, Xiaoyu FANG, Liang ZHANG, Na ZHAN, Rong YU, Li HANG, Lei ZHU
2023, 39(8): 1926-1931. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.024
Abstract(701) HTML (145) PDF (4249KB)(57)
Abstract:
Severe infections due to sepsis often result in multi-organ insufficiency, such as cardiac insufficiency, renal insufficiency, hypohepatia, septic encephalopathy, coagulation dysfunction etc. Severe infections not only cause inflammatory storm, but also induce spleen abscess, and even combined with ...
Review
Effect of immune checkpoint molecules on the function of natural killer cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Jun HUANG, Huijuan SHAO, Xuefeng MA, Xiaohui YU, Xiaofeng ZHENG, Jiucong ZHANG
2023, 39(8): 1932-1938. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.025
Abstract(571) HTML (129) PDF (2174KB)(57)
Abstract:
At present, the mechanism of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has not been fully clarified, and HBV can cause immune cell dysfunction, immune imbalance and functional defects in the host, which might be one of the mechanisms of chronic HBV infection. In chronic HBV infection, the functions ...
Research advances in the association between microcirculation disturbance and microvascular system in metabolic associated fatty liver disease
Anqi LI, Yuqiang ZHAO, Peiran ZHAO, Rui WANG, Jing YANG
2023, 39(8): 1939-1945. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.026
Abstract(378) HTML (204) PDF (1692KB)(59)
Abstract:
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is considered a multisystem disease that can lead to multiple extrahepatic complications, among which cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in MAFLD patients. MAFLD and its complications share many common metabolic risk factor...
The mechanism and potential of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1(mTORC1) in treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Shihang ZHENG, Jun YANG, Yue TAN, Changqing ZHENG
2023, 39(8): 1946-1951. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.027
Abstract(527) HTML (274) PDF (1678KB)(30)
Abstract:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common chronic liver disease worldwide and can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an atypical serine/threonine protein kinase and plays an important role in ...
Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune liver disease overlap syndrome
Shangjuan YAO, Yilin LI, Mingjie CHEN, Qiang LI
2023, 39(8): 1952-1957. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.028
Abstract(701) HTML (144) PDF (1686KB)(169)
Abstract:
Autoimmune liver disease overlap syndrome is one of the autoimmune diseases of the liver, and liver cirrhosis-related complications tend to have a high incidence rate and a poor prognosis. This article elaborates on the latest research advances in autoimmune liver disease overlap syndrome from the a...
Influence of splenectomy on the course of liver cirrhosis and related mechanism
Zhenglong ZHENG, Xianpeng XU, Baixue LI, Yue SU, Yilan XIE, Quansheng FENG
2023, 39(8): 1958-1965. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.029
Abstract(952) HTML (131) PDF (1706KB)(141)
Abstract:
Splenomegaly is a common pathological change of portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis and can progress to hypersplenism, leading to the reduction in blood cells and increasing the risk of clinical bleeding and infection. Splenectomy is an important method for the treatment of splenectomy with hyper...
Research advances in the influence of intraoperative factors during transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on the development of hepatic encephalopathy
Qi QI, Xin YAO, Guodong YANG, Jianping QIN
2023, 39(8): 1966-1971. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.030
Abstract(465) HTML (122) PDF (1681KB)(56)
Abstract:
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the common complications after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), with complex influencing factors and an unknown pathogenesis, and how to reduce HE after TIPS has always been a clinical concern. There are reports on the influence of TIPS on p...
Research advances in local treatment combined with systemic therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Bailu CAO, Min AI, Ping HUANG, Yongfeng YANG
2023, 39(8): 1972-1976. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.031
Abstract(515) HTML (107) PDF (1673KB)(125)
Abstract:
Most patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have reached the advanced stage at the time of diagnosis in China, and a single treatment regimen tends to have a low objective response rate (ORR), while combined therapy can significantly increase the ORR of patients with advanced HCC and prolong t...
Research advances in long non-coding small nucleolar RNA host gene in hepatocellular carcinoma
Yuhan LI, Beichen GUO, Feng ZHOU, Tao HAN
2023, 39(8): 1977-1982. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.032
Abstract(658) HTML (309) PDF (2140KB)(54)
Abstract:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Despite the in-depth research on HCC at present, the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Recent studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (ln...
Role of circular RNA in the development, progression, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Shuying MIAO, Jun YANG, Wenyan GUAN, Biao ZHANG, Lu HE, Zhiwen FAN
2023, 39(8): 1983-1991. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.033
Abstract(510) HTML (144) PDF (1709KB)(29)
Abstract:
As the most common type of primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an invasive and fatal malignant tumor, and its development and progression involve multiple genes, steps, and stages. Circular RNA (circRNA), as a class of endogenous non-coding RNAs, mainly acts as a sponge by absorb...
Changes and pathogenic mechanism of intestinal flora in acute-on-chronic liver failure
Guirong CHEN, Minggang WANG, Huaming LIN, Huiping YAN, Xiufeng WANG
2023, 39(8): 1992-1998. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.034
Abstract(461) HTML (260) PDF (2330KB)(51)
Abstract:
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) has a rapid onset, a high mortality rate, and a poor prognosis, and there is still a lack of specific pharmacotherapy and treatment methods. In recent years, an increasing number of evidence has shown that intestinal flora plays a critical role in maintaining th...
Role of Golgi protein 73(GP73) in diagnosis of chronic liver diseases
Yangqing MA, Haina FAN, Xin SUN, Chenghai LIU
2023, 39(8): 1999-2004. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.035
Abstract(705) HTML (382) PDF (1687KB)(45)
Abstract:
Early diagnosis and accurate assessment of liver inflammation and fibrosis is particularly important for the therapeutic intervention and prognosis of chronic liver diseases. This article summarizes the diagnostic efficacy of Golgi protein 73 (GP73) for chronic liver diseases by reviewing related cl...
Research advances in the mechanism of tumor microenvironment and targeted therapy for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor
Jiani YANG, Hairong ZHANG
2023, 39(8): 2005-2011. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.036
Abstract(642) HTML (111) PDF (1697KB)(37)
Abstract:
The tumor microenvironment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is a tumor-promoting microenvironment composed of tumor cells, immune/immunosuppressive cells, and extracellular matrix and has the marked feature of immunosuppression. It can lead to the immune escape, invasion, and metastasis of tumor c...
Research advances in human brucellosis vaccines
Jihong AN, Tiantian DU, Zhanguo WANG
2023, 39(8): 2012-2016. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.037
Abstract(663) HTML (130) PDF (1670KB)(71)
Abstract:
Brucellosis is the most common zoonotic disease and a common public health problem worldwide. It not only greatly harms the health of people, but also seriously affects the development of animal husbandry, and it also brings food safety risks. Practice has shown that vaccine immunization is the most...
Thanks
Current reviewers
2023, 39(8): 1971-1971. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2023.08.zhixie1
Abstract(209) HTML (108) PDF (739KB)(22)
Abstract: